Network Simulator ns-2

Agenda

Introduction Interface

Tcl and OTcl TclCL Wired network Wireless network

Simulator

Program Assignment
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Introduction

NS-2: network simulator version 2

Discrete event simulator Packet level simulation Open source Scheduling, routing and congestion control Wired networks: P2P links, LAN Wireless networks: terrestrial (ad-hoc, cellular; GPRS, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth), satellite Emulation and trace
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Features

NS-2: Paradigm

Object-oriented programming

Protocol layering

Modularity and extensibility Maintenance and reusability

Large scale simulation

Split-language programming

Scripting language (Tcl) System programming language (C)

NS-2: Split Languages

Tcl scripts (Tcl/OTcl)

Interpreted (interactive) Setup and configuration Compiled (efficient) Algorithms and protocols Link Tcl/OTcl scripts and C/C++ codes Provide a layer of C++ glue over OTcl

C codes (C/C++)

TclCL (OTcl/C++)

NS-2: Split Objects

OTcl/C++ split objects Pure OTcl objects Pure C++ objects

OTcl

TclCL linkage NS-2

C++

NS-2: A Tcl Script Example

#!/home/hsieh/ns-allinone-2.27/bin/ns set set $ns for ns [new Simulator] nf [open out.tr w] trace-all $nf {set i 0} {$i<2} {incr i} { set n($i) [$ns node]

;# create the nodes

} $ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(1) 1Mb 10ms DropTail # Create a UDP agent set udp(src) [new Agent/UDP] $udp(src) set packetSize_ 500 $ns attach-agent $n(0) $udp(src) proc finish {} { global ns nf $ns flush-trace; close $nf } $ns at 5.0 "finish" $ns run

/home>ns abc.tcl /home>abc.tcl

NS-2: A C++ Code Example

static class UdpAgentClass : public TclClass { public: UdpAgentClass() : TclClass("Agent/UDP") {} TclObject* create(int, const char*const*) { return (new UdpAgent()); } } class_udp_agent; UdpAgent::UdpAgent() : Agent(PT_UDP), seqno_(-1) { bind("packetSize_", &size_); } void UdpAgent::sendmsg(int nbytes, AppData* data, const char* flags) { Packet *p; p = allocpkt(); hdr_cmn::access(p)->size() = size_; hdr_rtp::access(p)->seqno() = ++seqno_; p->setdata(data); target_->recv(p); } 8

TclCL: Class TclObject

Base class in NS-2 for split objects

Mirrored in both C++ (TclObject) and OTcl (SplitObject)

Instantiation, bind and command

Usage

Example
set tcp [new Agent/TCP] $tcp set window_ 30 $tcp advanceby 5000

Class TclObject: Hierarchy

SplitObject OTcl class hierarchy C++ class hierarchy TclObject Connector Agent Agent/TCP _o123
Agent/TCP OTcl object

Agent TcpAgent *tcp

Agent/TCP C++ object
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Class TclObject: Binding

Bi-directional variable bindings

Link C++ member variables (compiled) to OTcl instance variables (interpreted)

Initialization through the closest OTcl class variable

Agent/TCP set window_ 50

Do all initialization of bound variables in ~ns/tcl/lib/ns-default.tcl

Otherwise a warning will be issued when the shadow compiled object is created
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Class TclObject: Binding

C++
TcpAgent::TcpAgent() { bind(window_, &wnd_); }

bind(), bind_time(), bind_bool(), bind_bw()

OTcl
Agent/TCP set window_ 50 set tcp [new Agent/TCP] $tcp set window_ 100
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Class TclObject: Command

Invoke C++ compiled functions through OTcl interpreted methods

A way of implementing OTcl methods in C++

Hook point

Tcl method unknown{} OTcl method cmd{}

Send all arguments after cmd{} call to TclObject::command()

Use Tcl::resultf() in C++ to pass back results

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Class TclObject: Command

$tcp send

no such SplitObject::unknown{} procedure

OTcl space $tcp cmd send

C++ space TcpAgent::command()

Yes

match send?

No

process and return

Invoke parent: return Agent::command()

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Class TclObject: Command

OTcl
set tcp [new Agent/TCP] $tcp advance 100

C++
int TcpAgent::command(int argc, const char*const* argv) { if (argc == 3) { if (strcmp(argv[1], advance) == 0) { int newseq = atoi(argv[2]); return TCL_OK; } } return (Agent::command(argc, argv); }
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TclCL: Summary

Class TclObject

Unified interpreted (OTcl) and compiled (C++) class hierarchies Seamless access (procedure call and variable access) between OTcl and C++
Mechanism that makes TclObject work Primitives to access OTcl interpreter

Class TclClass

Class Tcl

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NS-2: Directory Structure

ns-allinone (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/nsnam/ns-allinone-2.30.tar.gz) Tcl8 TK8 OTcl tcl TclCL ... lib ns-2 nam-1 ...

C++ code

ex
examples

test
validation tests

mcast
OTcl code

...

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Network Simulator ns-2

Part II: Wired Network

Class Hierarchy
recv()
Scheduler NsObject Connector Queue Delay Agent TCP Reno

TclObject
Node Process

target_
Trace

Classifier

Application
FTP AddrClassifier PortClassifier
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DropTail RED

Enq Deq Drop Vegas

SACK

Simulation Elements

Create the event scheduler (simulator) [Setup tracing] Create network topology [Setup routing] [Insert error modules/network dynamics] Create connection (transport) Create traffic (application) Start the scheduler Post-process data
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Event Scheduler

Create event scheduler

set ns [new Simulator]

OTcl: $ns at <time> <TCL_command> C++: Scheduler::schedule(h,e, delay) OTcl: $ns now C++: Scheduler::clock() $ns run The last line of your OTcl script
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Schedule events (OTcl)

Obtain simulation time

Start scheduler

Trace

Trace packets on all links

$ns trace-all [open nstr.out w]

<event> + r <t> <from> <to> 1 0 2 1 0 2 1.00234 0 2 <pkt> <size> -- <fid> <src> <dst> <seq> <uid> cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0 cbr 210 ------- 0 0.0 3.1 0 0

$ns namtrace-all [open namtr.out w]

$ns trace-queue $n0 $n1 $ns namtrace-queue $n0 $n1

Turn on tracing on specific links

Output trace to /dev/null if not desired

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Network Topology

Nodes

set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 \ <bandwidth> <delay> <queue> queue: DropTail, RED, CBQ, FQ, Link delay = f (bandwidth, delay)
= packet transmission time + propagation delay

Links and queues

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Network Topology: Node

n0
Port Classifier

n1
dmux_ classifier_

Addr Classifier
Node entry entry_ classifier_ dmux_ Node entry entry_

multiclassifier_ Multicast Classifier

Unicast Node

Multicast Node
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Network Topology: Link

n0 duplex link n1

head_

enqT_ tracing

queue_
drophead_

deqT_
drpT_

link_

ttl_ simplex link

n1 entry_

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Routing

Unicast routing

$ns rtproto <type> <nodes> type: Static (default), Session, DV, LS, Manual nodes: default entire topology
Dijkstras all-pairs shortest path first algorithm Route calculation is done before simulation starts

Default static routing

Link cost

$ns cost $n0 $n1 <cost> default link cost = 1

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Routing
n0
Port Classifier

n1

Addr Classifier
Node entry

entry_

0 1

dmux_

head_ enqT_ queue_ drophead_ deqT_ link_ ttl_

n1 entry_

classifier_

drpT_

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Routing
n0
Port Classifier

n1
Port Classifier Addr Classifier

Addr Classifier

entry_

0 1
classifier_

dmux_ Link n0-n1 entry_

1 0
classifier_

dmux_

Link n1-n0

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Transport: TCP

TCP

set set $ns $ns $ns Use

tcp [new Agent/TCP] tcpsink [new Agent/TCPSink] attach-agent $n0 $tcp attach-agent $n1 $tcpsink connect $tcp $tcpsink create-connection{}

Customization

$agent set fid <fid> $agent set packetSize_ <size>

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Transport
n0
Port Classifier Addr Classifier

n1
Port Classifier

dst_= 1.0 Agent/TCP agents_ Link n0-n1

dst_= 0.0 Agent/TCPSink agents_

0
dmux_

Addr Classifier

0
dmux_

entry_

0 1
classifier_

entry_

1 0
classifier_

Link n1-n0

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Application

FTP

set ftp [new Application/FTP] $ftp attach-agent $tcp $tcp attach-app FTP
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr set packetSize_ 1000 $cbr set rate_ 16000 $ns at <time> $app start

CBR

Start traffic generation

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Application
n0
Port Classifier Application/FTP dst_=1.0 Agent/TCP agents_ Link n0-n1

n1
Port Classifier

dst_=0.0 Agent/TCPSink agents_

Addr Classifier

0
dmux_

Addr Classifier

0
dmux_

entry_

0 1
classifier_

entry_

1 0
classifier_

Link n1-n0

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Packet

Packets are events

Can be scheduled to arrive

Header section is a cascade of all in-use headers packet size (used to compute transmission time) packet type timestamp, uid,

Packets contain header section and data

Each packet contains a common header

All in-use headers are included when simulation starts

Change packet size to reflect header cascading

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Packet Header
cmn header
header ip header ts_ ptype_ uid_ size_ iface_

data

tcp header
rtp header

Example: Get the pointer to the common header: p->access(hdr_cmn::offset_) or, HDR_CMN(p)

trace header
...

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Packet Flow
n0
Port Classifier Application/FTP dst_=1.0 Agent/TCP

n1
Port Classifier

dst_=0.0 Agent/TCPSink

Addr Classifier

Addr Classifier

entry_

0 1

Link n0-n1

entry_

1 0

Link n1-n0

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Recap

NsObject: generic receive method recv() for packet reception Connector: one neighbor target_ Node: collection of classifiers and agents Link: encapsulation of queue and delay Classifier: packet demultiplexer (routing) Agent: protocol endpoint or implementation of routing protocol Application: traffic generation
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Network Simulator ns-2

Part III: Wireless Network

Wireless Network

Wireless network

Nodes can move No explicit links used to connect nodes Mobile node Wireless channel and propagation model Packet headers Topology and movement Routing and forwarding

Wireless network extension

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Class Hierarchy
TclObject
NsObject Connector BiConnector Phy WirelessPhy Node MobileNode
uptarget_ downtarget_

Channel
WirelessChannel

Propagation
TwoRayGround

Delay LL

MAC 802.11

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Mobile Node: Portrait

Node
port classifier protocol agent

Classifier: Forwarding

255 addr classifier

defaulttarget_

Node Entry
routing agent

Agent: Protocol entity

LL

LL
IFQ MAC PHY

ARP

LL: Link layer object IFQ: Interface queue MAC: MAC object PHY: Network interface

IFQ

MAC Propagation and antenna models PHY

MobileNode
CHANNEL

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Example: Ad Hoc Network

Scenario

3 mobile nodes Move within a 670m*670m flat topology DSR ad hoc routing protocol Random waypoint mobility model UDP and CBR traffic

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An Example Step 1
# Create simulator
set ns [new Simulator] # Create a topology in a 670m x 670m area set topo [new Topography] $topo load_flatgrid 670 670

# ns trace and nam trace

$ns trace-all [open ns.tr w]

$ns namtrace-all-wireless [open ns.nam w] 670 670

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An Example Step 2
# Create God
set god [create-god 3]

God: General Operations Director

Keep the number of nodes in the network Called by 802.11 MAC to keep a sequence number cache of all nodes Store an array of the smallest number of hops required to reach one node to another Used for setdest operation
$ns at 100.00 $god set-dist 2 3 1
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An Example Step 3
# Define how to create a mobile node
$ns node-config \ -adhocRouting DSR \ -llType LL \ -macType Mac/802_11 \ -ifqLen 50 \ -ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \ -phyType Phy/WirelessPhy \ -antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \ -propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \ -channel [new Channel/WirelessChannel] \ -topoInstance $topo -agentTrace ON \ -routerTrace OFF \ -macTrace OFF \ -movementTrace OFF
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Energy Parameters
$ns node-config \ energyModel -initialEnergy -txPower -rxPower EnergyModel \ 100.0 \ 0.6 \ 0.2

Node is energy-aware

Node status: on / off / sleep

Pt_ and Pt_consume_

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An Example Step 4
# Create mobile nodes
for {set i 0} {$i<3} {incr i} { set node($i) [$ns node] # disable random motion for static network $node($i) random-motion 0 }

# Define movement model (if applicable)

source movement-scenario-files

# Define traffic model (if applicable)

source traffic-scenario-files

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Scenario: Movement

Mobile movement generator

~ns/indep-utils/cmu-scen-gen/setdest/setdest setdest -n <numNodes> -p <pauseTime> -s <maxSpeed> -t <simTime> -x <maxX> -y <maxY>

Random movement
$node random-motion 1 $node start

Change POSITION_UPDATE_INTERVAL and MAX_SPEED internally

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A Movement File
$node_(0) set X_ 83.4 $node_(0) set Y_ 239.4 $node_(0) set Z_ 0.0 $node_(1) set X_ 257.1 $node_(1) set Y_ 345.4 $node_(1) set Z_ 0.0 $node_(2) set X_ 591.3 $node_(2) set Y_ 199.4 $node_(2) set Z_ 0.0 $ns_ at 33.0 "$node_(0) setdest 89.7 283.5 19.2 $ns_ at 51.0 "$node_(1) setdest 221.8 80.9 14.9" $ns_ at 50.0 "$node_(2) setdest 369.5 170.5 3.4"

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Scenario: Traffic

Traffic pattern generator

CBR (UDP) or FTP (TCP) traffic ~ns/indep-utils/cmu-scen-gen/cbrgen.tcl ns cbrgen.tcl [-type cbr|tcp] [-nn nodes] [-seed seed] [-mc connections] [-rate rate]

Specify in the OTcl script

Same as the wired network scenario

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A Traffic Scenario
set udp_(0) [new $ns_ attach-agent set null_(0) [new $ns_ attach-agent Agent/UDP] $node_(0) $udp_(0) Agent/Null] $node_(2) $null_(0)

set cbr_(0) [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr_(0) set packetSize_ 1000 $cbr_(0) set interval_ 4.0 $cbr_(0) set random_ 1 $cbr_(0) set maxpkts_ 10000 $cbr_(0) attach-agent $udp_(0) $ns_ connect $udp_(0) $null_(0) $ns_ at 20.0 "$cbr_(0) start"
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An Example Step 5
# Define node initial position in nam
for {set i 0} {$i < 3} {incr i} { $ns initial_node_position $node($i) 20 }

# Tell ns/nam the simulation stop time

$ns at 100.0 $ns nam-end-wireless 100.0 $ns at 100.0 $ns halt

# Start your simulation

$ns run

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Summary

NS-2 is an open source, discrete event, and packet level network simulator NS-2 is written in C++ with OTcl interpreter as a front end TclCL provides linkage for class hierarchy, object instantiation, variable binding and command dispatching NS-2 provides abundant implementations of protocols used in wired and wireless networks
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Random Variable

Test the following script Change pareto to exponential distribution.

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M/M/1 Queueing System

Arrival: Poisson arrival with rate Service: Packet size is exponential distribution (average tx duration is ) = / Average number of packet in the queue is /(1- ). Compare the theoretical value and simulation results.

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Many TCP

Many TCP (Agent/TCP/Newreno) sessions sharing a bottleneck link and single destination (D)

Draw queue size of node BN every 0.1s. Draw throughput of each TCP sessions every 0.1s. S

TCP

1Mbps 1Mbps
1Mbps

TCP
TCP

S
S

BN

1Mbps

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TCP over DSDV

3 node ad-hoc simulation

Channel: wireless channel Propagation: Tworayground Mac: 802.11 Queue: priority queue Routing protocol: DSDV Topology: 400mx500m Position of nodes: n0(5,5), n1(490,285), n2(150,240) TCP sender at n0 and receiver at n2

Draw TCP window size

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NS2 Installation Guidelines

Downloading

NS2 is available from http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-build.html Download the ns-allinone package, ns-allinone-2.30.tar.gz

Go to directory of downloaded ns-allinone.tar.gz Unpack the file using:
tar -xzvf ns-allinone-2.30.tar.gz

Installing NS2

Go to the ns-allinone directory:

cd ns-allinone-2.30

Install it with the command

./install

How to run ns2

Type
./ns [filename].tcl
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NS2 Useful Links

Network Simulator NS-2

Getting started with NS-2

NS-2 Homepage (http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/) NS-2 Manual (http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/nsdocumentation.html) Marc Greis's tutorial (http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/index.html) NS by example (http://nile.wpi.edu/NS/) NS2 for beginners (http://www-sop.inria.fr/maestro/personnel/Eitan.Altman/COURS-NS/n3.pdf) OTcl (ftp://ftp.tns.lcs.mit.edu/pub/otcl/doc/tutorial.html)
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References

The ns Manual, January 2002 IEC ns workshop slides, June 2000 First ns workshop slides, September 1997 Wetherall and Lindblad, Extending Tcl for Dynamic Object-Oriented Programming, Proceedings of the Tcl/Tk Workshop, 1995 Welch, Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk, Prentice-Hall, 1995 Ousterhout, Tcl and the Tk Toolkit, Addison-Wesley, 1994
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