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Ip Addressing GOOD CLASSES

- IP addressing assigns a unique numerical address to each computer or device connected to the internet to enable communication and identification. There are different classes of IP addresses. - IP version 4 addresses are represented as four numbers separated by periods, while IP version 6 will provide significantly more addresses in hexadecimal format. - Domain names provide a user-friendly way to access websites and are translated to IP addresses by the Domain Name System using a hierarchy of domain name servers.

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37 views13 pages

Ip Addressing GOOD CLASSES

- IP addressing assigns a unique numerical address to each computer or device connected to the internet to enable communication and identification. There are different classes of IP addresses. - IP version 4 addresses are represented as four numbers separated by periods, while IP version 6 will provide significantly more addresses in hexadecimal format. - Domain names provide a user-friendly way to access websites and are translated to IP addresses by the Domain Name System using a hierarchy of domain name servers.

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IP addressing By Prof.

Hassan Mubarik Ali

IP addressing
It is the logical addressing scheme used to identify computer machines on the internet. Each computer has a unique IP address provided by IP protocol for a given session. It is represented by four decimal numbers separated by a period e.g, 140.57.220.200

Classes of IP address
There are five classes of IP addresses, namely, A, B, C, D and E. Classes A, B and C are for general public use, whereas Classes D and E are used by people belonging to certain special groups. To find which class a particular IP address belongs to, the rule is to look at the number in the first byte. If this number falls within the calculated range of a specific class, then we can say that this IP address belongs to such particular class.

HOW MANY CLASS A, B, C NETWORKS AND HOSTS ARE POSSIBLE?


Note that 126 class A networks are possible (0 and 127 are not used for general purposes). Each class A network can accommodate a maximum of 16 million hosts on it. There are 16384 class B networks possible and each can host upto 65000 host machines. There are 2 million class C networks possible each having the capacity to accommodate upto 256 host machines on it.

Subnet mask
An IP address is meaningless for the computers unless it is accompanied by a subnet mask. It tells to the computer machines that what part of the accompanying IP address corresponds to the network address and what part corresponds to the host machine on that network. A subnet mask is also represented by four decimal numbers separated by a period.
Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0

IP version
The existing IP scheme (version 4) is likely to be replaced by IP version 6. It would provide 128 bits IP addresses in hexadecimal format. According to an estimate a total of 3.4 x 1038 addresses would then be available.

Domain name system


A Domain Name is a user friendly name used to locate a web site on the internet. For example, pu.edu, bestcomputers.com etc. Domain Name System (DNS) provides the structure and the strategy that is used to refer to computers on the internet by these user friendly names. Domain Names are Unique. They are assigned as one has to pay and register for them. With the help of DNS a domain name is translated into its corresponding IP address

Domain name system


A fully qualified domain name is processed from right to left for its translation into the corresponding IP address. A fully qualified domain name can be made up of a top level domain (TLD), second level domain (SLD) and sub domains, Seven popular TLDs are .com, .edu, .org, .gov, .net, .country name, .int. SLDs represent the name of a company / institution/ entity. Sub domains represent the geographical or functional units of a company/institution etc.

Name resolution
The translation or resolution of a fully qualified domain name into its IP address takes place using the hierarchy of special computer machines called Domain Name Servers. A DNS server is a server on the network that maintains a database/table that contains the list of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. The name servers for TLDs are also called Root Name Servers. There is a program called Resolver built into the browser, which sends the request for resolution of the domain name to the machine called Local Name Server. Local name server then contacts the root name server, which looks into its database and where possible provides the IP address of the name server below in the Hierarchy. Hence in a similar number of steps the fully qualified domain name is completely translated into the IP address of the web server where the requested web page is stored.

Getting domain names


Domain names are administered in a hierarchy. At the global level the task of registration/administration of domain names is supervised by the organization called Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICAAN). There are organizations working under ICAAN in different regions. For example, APNIC is for Asia and Pacific Rim, ARIN for America and South Africa, RIPE-NCC for Europe and North Africa etc. Each of the above are further connected to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) at the local level. One can register ones domain name through an ISP also.

Getting IP addresses
Similarly, one can lease IP addresses from a local ISP apart from the direct sources of IP addresses, that is, APNIC, ARIN or RIPE-NCC. ISPs can use a server to dynamically supply the IP addresses to their clients for a session. Such a server is called DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.

Media access control (MAC) address


Data to be delivered on a network has to be converted first into serial transmission. This is done through a device called Network Interface Card (NIC) that must be installed in a computer on the network. NIC has also got printed on it a 48 bits unique address called the MAC or hardware address of the computer machine. In other words, it consists of 12 hexadecimal characters and can have different format as shown below:
090017A9B2EF 09:00:17:A9:B2:EF 09-00-17-A9-B2-EF

Media access control (MAC) address


Whereas the IP address of a computer may change from time to time, its MAC address would remain the same unless the existing NIC is replaced with another. It can easily be inferred that there are 248 unique MAC addresses possible An organization called Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) administers the allocation of MAC addresses, worldwide. It ensures that there is no duplication of MAC addresses by the manufacturers of NICs.

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