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Displaying Data From Multiple Tables

This document discusses different types of joins that can be used to retrieve data from multiple database tables. It describes equijoins, which use an equality condition to link two tables. It also covers non-equijoins that use non-equality conditions, outer joins to return all rows from one or both tables, and self-joins to join a table to itself. The key to performing joins is writing a SELECT statement that specifies the tables, columns, and JOIN condition in the WHERE clause to link the tables together.

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Patrick Chua
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38 views

Displaying Data From Multiple Tables

This document discusses different types of joins that can be used to retrieve data from multiple database tables. It describes equijoins, which use an equality condition to link two tables. It also covers non-equijoins that use non-equality conditions, outer joins to return all rows from one or both tables, and self-joins to join a table to itself. The key to performing joins is writing a SELECT statement that specifies the tables, columns, and JOIN condition in the WHERE clause to link the tables together.

Uploaded by

Patrick Chua
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Displaying Data from Multiple Tables

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

Write SELECT statements to access data from more than one table using equality and nonequality joins View data that generally does not meet a join condition by using outer joins Join a table to itself

Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables


CUSTOMER_T
ORDER_ID 1001 1002 1010 05-NOV-00 1 ORDER_DATE 21-OCT-00 21-OCT-00 CUSTOMER_I D 1 8 2 15 Mountain Scenes 84403 CUSTOM ER_ID 1

ORDER_T
CUSTOMER_NAM E Contemporary Casuals Value Furniture POSTAL_ CODE 32601 75094

ORDER_ID

ORDER_DATE

CUSTOMER_ID

CUSTOMER_NAME

POSTAL_CODE

1001
1002 1010

21-OCT-00
21-OCT-00

1
8

Contemporary Casuals
California Classics

32601
96915

05-NOV-00

Contemporary Casuals

32601

What Is a Join?

Use a join to query data from more than one table.


table1.column, table2.column table1, table2 table1.column1 = table2.column2;

SELECT FROM WHERE


Write the join condition in the WHERE clause. Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column name appears in more than one table.

Cartesian Product

A Cartesian product is formed when:


A join condition is omitted A join condition is invalid All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table

To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join condition in a WHERE clause.

Types of Joins
Equijoin Non-Equijoin Outer-join Self-join

What Is an Equijoin?
EMP
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO ------ ------- ------7839 KING 10 7698 BLAKE 30 7782 CLARK 10 7566 JONES 20 7654 MARTIN 30 7499 ALLEN 30 7844 TURNER 30 7900 JAMES 30 7521 WARD 30 7902 FORD 20 7369 SMITH 20 ... 14 rows selected.

DEPT
DEPTNO ------10 30 10 20 30 30 30 30 30 20 20 ... 14 rows DNAME ---------ACCOUNTING SALES ACCOUNTING RESEARCH SALES SALES SALES SALES SALES RESEARCH RESEARCH selected. LOC -------NEW YORK CHICAGO NEW YORK DALLAS CHICAGO CHICAGO CHICAGO CHICAGO CHICAGO DALLAS DALLAS

Primary key

Foreign key

Retrieving Records with Equijoins


SELECT FROM WHERE order_t.order_id, order_t.order_date, order_t.customer_id, customer_t.customer_id, customer_t.customer_name order_t, customer_t order_t.customer_id=customer_t.customer_id

Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names

Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in multiple tables. Improve performance by using table prefixes. Distinguish columns that have identical names but reside in different tables by using column aliases.

Using Table Aliases

Simplify queries using table aliases


order_t.order_id, order_t.order_date, order_t.customer_id, customer_t.customer_id, customer_t.customer_name order_t, customer_t order_t.customer_id=customer_t.customer_id
o.order_id, o.order_date, o.customer_id, c.customer_id, c.customer_name order_t o, customer_t c o.customer_id=c.customer_id

SELECT

FROM WHERE SELECT

FROM WHERE

Non-Equijoins
SELECT product_description, standard_price, grade FROM product_t, grade_t WHERE standard_price BETWEEN low AND high

Outer Joins

You use an outer join to also see rows that do not usually meet the join condition.

SELECT table.column, table.column FROM table1 LEFT/RIGHT JOIN table2 ON (table1.column = table2.column);

Using Outer Joins


SELECT o.order_id, c.customer_name FROM order_t o LEFT JOIN customer_t c ON (o.customer_id = c.customer_id);

SELECT o.order_id, c.customer_name FROM order_t o RIGHT JOIN customer_t c ON (o.customer_id = c.customer_id);

Self Joins
EMP (WORKER)
EMPNO ----7839 7698 7782 7566 7654 7499 ENAME -----KING BLAKE CLARK JONES MARTIN ALLEN MGR ---7839 7839 7839 7698 7698

EMP (MANAGER)
EMPNO ENAME ----- -------7839 7839 7839 7698 7698 KING KING KING BLAKE BLAKE

"MGR in the WORKER table is equal to EMPNO in the MANAGER table"

Joining a Table to Itself


SQL> SELECT worker.ename||' works for '||manager.ename 2 FROM emp worker, emp manager 3 WHERE worker.mgr = manager.empno;

WORKER.ENAME||'WORKSFOR'||MANAG ------------------------------BLAKE works for KING CLARK works for KING JONES works for KING MARTIN works for BLAKE ... 13 rows selected.

Summary
SELECT FROM WHERE table1.column, table2.column table1, table2 table1.column1 = table2.column2;

Equijoin

Non-Equijoin

Outer-join

Self-join

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