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    A Mobile & Cellular Communication Assignment On: Opic No: 46

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    Gulshan Prakash
    CDMA and GSM are two main mobile communication technologies. CDMA uses spread spectrum techniques and pseudo-random codes to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. GSM uses TDMA to divide the frequency band into time slots that can be assigned to users. 2G digital networks improved efficiency over 1G analog and introduced SMS and basic data. 2.5G networks like GPRS added packet-switching and higher speeds up to 115kbps. 3G networks support broadband Internet access and multimedia services with minimum speeds of 200kbps for stationary users and 384kbps for moving vehicles. 3G evolved to include 4G pre-standard technologies using MIMO and all-IP networks.

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    A Mobile & Cellular Communication Assignment On: Opic No: 46

    Uploaded by

    Gulshan Prakash
    20 views16 pages
    CDMA and GSM are two main mobile communication technologies. CDMA uses spread spectrum techniques and pseudo-random codes to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. GSM uses TDMA to divide the frequency band into time slots that can be assigned to users. 2G digital networks improved efficiency over 1G analog and introduced SMS and basic data. 2.5G networks like GPRS added packet-switching and higher speeds up to 115kbps. 3G networks support broadband Internet access and multimedia services with minimum speeds of 200kbps for stationary users and 384kbps for moving vehicles. 3G evolved to include 4G pre-standard technologies using MIMO and all-IP networks.

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    BE 1094 08 Gulshan Prakash

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    CDMA and GSM are two main mobile communication technologies. CDMA uses spread spectrum techniques and pseudo-random codes to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. GSM uses TDMA to divide the frequency band into time slots that can be assigned to users. 2G digital networks improved efficiency over 1G analog and introduced SMS and basic data. 2.5G networks like GPRS added packet-switching and higher speeds up to 115kbps. 3G networks support broadband Internet access and multimedia services with minimum speeds of 200kbps for stationary users and 384kbps for moving vehicles. 3G evolved to include 4G pre-standard technologies using MIMO and all-IP networks.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    20 views16 pages

    A Mobile & Cellular Communication Assignment On: Opic No: 46

    Uploaded by

    Gulshan Prakash
    CDMA and GSM are two main mobile communication technologies. CDMA uses spread spectrum techniques and pseudo-random codes to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. GSM uses TDMA to divide the frequency band into time slots that can be assigned to users. 2G digital networks improved efficiency over 1G analog and introduced SMS and basic data. 2.5G networks like GPRS added packet-switching and higher speeds up to 115kbps. 3G networks support broadband Internet access and multimedia services with minimum speeds of 200kbps for stationary users and 384kbps for moving vehicles. 3G evolved to include 4G pre-standard technologies using MIMO and all-IP networks.

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    of 16

    A Mobile & Cellular Communication Assignment On

    Topic No : 46
    Discuss GSM and CDMA Technology Discuss various generations of Mobile Communication (2G, 3G).

    Part I

    Discuss GSM and CDMA Technology

    Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)


    CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple access technique, that is, it spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. A spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a narrow Ambiguity Function. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. The data signal with pulse duration of Tb is XORed with the code signal with pulse duration of Tc. The ratio Tb / Tc is called the spreading factor or processing gain and determines to a certain extent the upper limit of the total number of users supported simultaneously by a base station.

    Schematic Diagram showing CDMA

    Types of CDMA
    CDMA is categorized into the following two categories mainly on the basis of the spreading code used for transmission purposes : Synchronous CDMA - Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality between vectors representing the data strings. Each user in synchronous CDMA uses a code orthogonal to the others' codes to modulate their signal. Asynchronous CDMA - A unique "pseudo-random" or "pseudo-noise" (PN) sequences are used in Asynchronous CDMA systems. A PN code is a binary sequence that appears random but can be reproduced in a deterministic manner by intended receivers. These PN codes are used to encode and decode a user's signal in Asynchronous CDMA in the same manner as the orthogonal codes in synchronous CDMA.

    Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)

    GSM is a cellular network, which means that cellular phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred metres to several tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is approzimately 35 kilometres or 22 miles. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase Frequency Shift Keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian Low Pass Filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels.

    The GSM Network Architecture


    The GSM Network is structured into a number of discrete sections: The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network & Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations Support System (OSS) for maintenance of the network. GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called half Rate(6.5 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon Linear Predictive Coding (LPC). In 1997, GSM was further enhanced with the Enhanced Full rate (EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel.

    Schematic Diagram showing the GSM Network

    A Comparison of CDMA and GSM


    CDMA Technology Battery Life CDMA Lower, due to high demands of CDMA power control. GSM FDMA and TDMA Good, due to simple protocol and power-efficient chipsets.

    Voice & data at the same time


    Patent Issues Global market share:

    No

    Yes, GPRS class A onwards.

    Exclusively Qualcomm 18%

    Concentrated among a few manufacturers. 82%

    Part II

    Discuss the generations of Mobile Communication


    (2G, 3G)

    Second Generation Mobile (2G)


    2G is an abbreviation for second-generation Wireless Telephone technology. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted. 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels.
    2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.

    Advantages & Disadvantages of 2G


    Advantages of 2G: More calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth, owing to the use of digital technology. The lower power emissions helped address health concerns. Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email. Greatly reduced fraud and enhanced privacy owing to better encryption. Disadvantages of 2G: In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. The range of sound that digital codecs convey is reduced due to the Lossy compression.

    Evolution of 2G
    2.5G (GPRS) 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). . GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet Access. 2.75G (EDGE) GPRS1 networks evolved to Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks.

    Third Generation Mobile (3G)


    Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s. The tandards typically branded 3G include the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) system and the CDMA2000 systems. The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology. Applications of 3G include Mobile TV, Video on demand, Videoconferencing, Telemedicine and other Location-based services.

    Features and Evolution of 2G


    Features: 3G is typically characterised by higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle. 3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. Evolution of 3G: Extensive research is being done on extensions to 3G standard that are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO). These specifications already display features characteristic for IMTAdvanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (1Gbit/s), these are classified as Pre-4G.

    Compiled & Submitted By:


    GULSHAN PRAKASH Roll No BE/1094/2008 Branch ECE Section A Session Monsoon 2011.

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