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Graphical and Diagrammatical Presentation of Statistical Data

There are key differences between graphs and diagrams. Graphs show mathematical relationships between two variables using a graph paper, while diagrams can be drawn on plain paper and are used more for publicity. Bar diagrams and pie charts are commonly used types. Bar diagrams represent one or more variables using vertical or horizontal bars of varying heights or lengths. Pie charts represent components of a whole using circular sectors proportional to the values. They are well-suited when there are many components. Proper construction principles include using simple, clear designs and maintaining titles, scales, footnotes and legends.

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102 views15 pages

Graphical and Diagrammatical Presentation of Statistical Data

There are key differences between graphs and diagrams. Graphs show mathematical relationships between two variables using a graph paper, while diagrams can be drawn on plain paper and are used more for publicity. Bar diagrams and pie charts are commonly used types. Bar diagrams represent one or more variables using vertical or horizontal bars of varying heights or lengths. Pie charts represent components of a whole using circular sectors proportional to the values. They are well-suited when there are many components. Proper construction principles include using simple, clear designs and maintaining titles, scales, footnotes and legends.

Uploaded by

Junaid Qaiser
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graphical and Diagrammatical Presentation of Statistical Data

Difference Between Graph And Diagram


There is no clear-cut line of demarcation between a diagram and a graph yet A graph needs a graph paper but a diagram can be drawn on a plain paper. In the technical way we can say that a graph is a mathematical relation between two variables. This however is not the case of a diagram. As diagrams are attractive to look at, they are used for publicity and propaganda. Graphs on the other hand are more useful to statisticians and research workers for the purpose of further analysis. For representing frequency distribution, diagrams are rarely used when compared with graphs. For example, for the time series graphs are more appropriate than diagrams.

General Principles Of Constructing Diagrams


The diagrams should be simple. Each diagram must be given a clear, concise and suitable title without damaging clarity. A proper proportion between height and width must be maintained in order to avoid an unpleasant look. Select a proper scale; it should be in even numbers or in multiples of five or ten. e.g. 25,50, 75 or 10, 20, 30, 40, .... etc. But no fixed rule. In order to clear certain points, always put footnotes. An index, explaining different lines, shades and colors should be given. Diagrams should be absolutely neat and clean. "The important point that must be borne in mind at all times that the pictorial representation chosen for any situation must depict the true relationship and point out the proper conclusion.

Bar Diagrams
Simple 'Bar diagram':- It represents only one variable. For example sales, production, population figures etc. for various years may be shown by simple bar charts. Since these are of the same width and vary only in heights ( or lengths ), it becomes very easy for readers to study the relationship. Simple bar diagrams are very popular in practice. A bar chart can be either vertical or horizontal; vertical bars are more popular. Illustration :- The following table gives the birth rate per thousand of different countries over a certain period of time. Comparing the size of bars, you can easily see that China's birth rate is the highest while Germany and Sweden equal in the lowest positions. Such diagrams are also known as component bar diagrams.

Continue.
country India Germany U.K Birth rate 33 15 20 Country China New Zeeland Sweden Birth rate 40 30 15

Sub - divided Bar Diagram:- While constructing such a diagram, the various components in each bar should be kept in the same order. A common and helpful arrangement is that of presenting each bar in the order of magnitude with the largest component at the bottom and the smallest at the top. The components are shown with different shades or colors with a proper index. Illustration:- During 1968 - 71, the number of students in University ' X ' are as follows. Represent the data by a similar diagram.

Continue.
Year Arts 1968-69 20,000 1969-70 26,000 1970-71 31,000 Science Law 10,000 5,000 9,000 7,000 9,500 7,500 Total 35,000 42,000 48,000

Multiple Bar Diagram:- This method can be used for data which is made up of two or more components. In this method the components are shown as separate adjoining bars. The height of each bar represents the actual value of the component. The components are shown by different shades or colors. Where changes in actual values of component figures only are required, multiple bar charts are used. Illustration:- The table below gives data relating to the exports and imports of a certain country X ( in thousands of dollars ) during the four years ending in 1930 - 31.

Year 1927 - 28 1928 - 29 1929 - 30 1930 - 31

Export 319 339 345 308

Import 250 263 258 206

Pie Chart
i) Geometrically it can be seen that the area of a sector of a circle taken radially, is proportional to the angle at its center. It is therefore sufficient to draw angles at the center, proportional to the original figures. This will make the areas of the sector proportional to the basic figures. For example, let the total be 1000 and one of the component be 200, then the angle will be

In general, angle of sector at the center corresponding to a component

ii) When a statistical phenomenon is composed of different components which are numerous (say four or more components), bar charts are not suitable to represent them because, under this situation, they become very complex and their visual impressions are questioned. A pie diagram is suitable for such situations. It is a circular diagram which is a circle (pie) divided by the radii, into sectors ( like slices of a cake or pie ). The area of a sector is proportional to the size of each component.

When a statistical phenomenon is composed of different components which are numerous (say four or more components), bar charts are not suitable to represent them because, under this situation, they become very complex and their visual impressions are questioned. A pie diagram is suitable for such situations. It is a circular diagram which is a circle (pie) divided by the radii, into sectors ( like slices of a cake or pie ). The area of a sector is proportional to the size of each component

As an example consider the yearly expenditure of a Mr. Ted, a college undergraduate. Tuition fees $ 6000 Books and lab. $ 2000 Clothes / cleaning $ 2000 Room and boarding $ 12000 Transportation $ 3000 Insurance $ 1000 Sundry expenses $ 4000 Total expenditure = $ 30000

Now as explained above, we calculate the angles corresponding to various items (components).

Tuition fees = Book and lab = Clothes / cleaning = Room and boarding = Transportation= Insurance = Sundry expenses =

Uses
A pie diagram is useful when we want to show relative positions ( proportions ) of the figures which make the total. It is also useful when the components are many in number. Note:- The sectors of the circle ( i.e. of a pie diagram) are ordered from largest to the smallest for easier interpretation of the data and they must be drawn in the counterclockwise direction.

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