COMPUTER GRAPHICS Mutimedia Lab S8 CSE

INTRODUCTION
Computer Graphics is concerned with generation , representation ,manipulation and display of pictures using computer Computer Graphics is divided to three areas:(1).Generative Graphics-Creation of 2D & 3D pictures from Mathematical rep of objects Eg: Graphs & pictures, Animations , CAD etc

(2) .Cognitive Graphics deals with Algorithms to Gen & Classify pictures Eg:Classification of thumb prints, faces, photos etc

(3). Image ProcessingCleaning up

blurred images & Generating clear pictures. Eg: processing blurred picts and genr clear picts

We will deal with HW/SW aspects of

generative graphics :-

Display devices
Most common device Cathode ray tube(CRT) Consists of an evacuated glass tube enclosing a source of electrons ,an electrode to accelerate the electrons, a focusing system to narrow the beam, horizontal & vertical deflection system and a phosphor coated screen

Simplified diagram of a CRT

Colour Displays
Uses shadow mask technique Inside CRTs viewing surface is coated with three different phosphors The three phosphors are coated as patterns of three dots or triads over the entire screen. Each of the three phosphors emits a different colour, red, green & blue (RGB) when beam hits The dots are so near & the colours merge into one and so different colours are obtained .

Shadow mask colour CRT

 The individual phosphors in the triads are independently struck by three beam of electrons
The three beams are also arranged as a triad

and are deflected synchronously and focused

A shadow mask, is placed in front of the tube

surface .

 The mask has one small hole aligned at each triad position on the screen By controlling the acceleration voltages intensity of the beams are changed to produce , a range of colours . The number of lines varies from 480 to 1000 depending upon the cost of the VDU

Overview of Display method

A graphic Picture is written to draw the picture using the primitives of graphic language or using functions in a language like C. The primitives are to draw - a point, a line, circle, arc, ellipse, etc Eg: To draw the picture as shown below, one may write graphic instructions as follows :-

Display method Contd

Draw_poly(x0,y0;x1,y1;x2,y2;x3,y3;x4,y4) Draw_line(x1,y1;x2,y2) Draw_line(x2,y2;x3,y3) Draw_circle(x5,y5;R) The values x1,y1,..,R etc will be given in coordinate system by the user ,,, and picture will be drawn as shown

Almost all current displays are scan displays.

raster

In these the electron beam of the CRT sweeps from the left to right of the screen ,returns to the next line and the process repeated to cover the entire screen. The beam produces a flicker free display.

There is another type of display called Random Scan display :-in which points are plotted by applying appropriate voltages to X & Y

deflection systems of a CRT, similar to

drawing in a plotter. This is very expensive compared to raster scan system and is not in extensive use now .

Principle of a raster scan Display

Scan converted picture to a set of pixels

 Interactive Graphics consists of a Display Unit, A Display file

memory, Display Processing Unit & a GUI input unit Cathode Ray Tube Similar to Home TV to display computer generated pictures Pictures should be repeatedly displayed 30 to 60 times per second-for a flicker free picture. Block schematics is shown below..

Block Diagram of an interactive computer graphics

Types of displays Colour CRT Direct View Storage Tubes ( DVST) Flat Panel Displays Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)

Graphics Standards
ISO (International Standards Orgn) ANSI (American National Standards Institute) PHIGS (The Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Package) GKS (Graphical Kernel Systems ) is both an ISO & ANSI standard)

Applications of computer Graphics Computer is an essential and powerful tool for effective & economical presentation of pictures Computer Graphics-Wide usage /applications
Engg, Medicine, business,industry, Gvt, art, cinema advertisement, education etc

Typical Applications/Uses Computer Aided Design(CAD)-used for product design , building, Automobiles , aircraft, space craft, testing, PCBs etc Animations/simulations before actual production CAD/CAM-manufacturing items after design

 Presentation Graphics- Produce illustration for reports, transparancies/films for projection Statistical,scientific,mathematical data presetn Multidimensional graphics,pie chart, bar chart.. Computer art- for fine arts /commercial applications Simulators- flight/ship /automobile simulators

 Entertainment-making motion pictures,videos, television . Education/training- teaching s/w packages Simulators- flight/ship /automobile simulators Image processing To modify or interpret existing pictures/images to improve picture quality and for medical applns

 Tomography-a technique of X-ray photography that allows cross sectional views of systems Visualization Analyze huge data and study behavior of systems/processes

Graphics and Multimedia Lab Cycle 1 Implement Line drawing using DDA Implement Line Using Bresenhams Algorithm Implement circle drawing using Bresenhams Algorithm Use a Circle using mid point Algorithm

Cycle 2 Implement line clipping Implement line transformations Translation, rotation and scaling Implement Polygon clipping

Cycle 3

Implement Benzier curve for a given set of control points Implement Polygon filling using flood fill algorithm Implement polygon filling using boundary fill algorithm

Cycle 4 Simulate a car movement Simulate a dynamic solar system simulate a leaky bucket
Simulate a man jumping from a parachute

. etc

Cycle 5 Familiarization with multimedia tools Photo shop, Macromedia flash, dream waver ,Power point etc
Typical Questions.. Best Wishes..

Thank U