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    Epidemiology: Health and Society 2012 DR Elizabeth Denney-Wilson

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    Wei Shin Yu
    Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to provide information to disrupt disease transmission or control health problems. Epidemiological data is used for surveillance of disease occurrence, assessing community health, and planning and evaluating public health interventions and programs. Key terms include prevalence, incidence, outbreaks, and risk. Data is collected through screening, surveillance, investigations, and community assessments to target programs and evaluate their impact. Both infectious diseases like chickenpox and non-infectious conditions like obesity are studied using the epidemiological framework.

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    Epidemiology: Health and Society 2012 DR Elizabeth Denney-Wilson

    Uploaded by

    Wei Shin Yu
    35 views27 pages
    Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to provide information to disrupt disease transmission or control health problems. Epidemiological data is used for surveillance of disease occurrence, assessing community health, and planning and evaluating public health interventions and programs. Key terms include prevalence, incidence, outbreaks, and risk. Data is collected through screening, surveillance, investigations, and community assessments to target programs and evaluate their impact. Both infectious diseases like chickenpox and non-infectious conditions like obesity are studied using the epidemiological framework.

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    Epidemiology

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    Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to provide information to disrupt disease transmission or control health problems. Epidemiological data is used for surveillance of disease occurrence, assessing community health, and planning and evaluating public health interventions and programs. Key terms include prevalence, incidence, outbreaks, and risk. Data is collected through screening, surveillance, investigations, and community assessments to target programs and evaluate their impact. Both infectious diseases like chickenpox and non-infectious conditions like obesity are studied using the epidemiological framework.

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    35 views27 pages

    Epidemiology: Health and Society 2012 DR Elizabeth Denney-Wilson

    Uploaded by

    Wei Shin Yu
    Epidemiology is defined as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to provide information to disrupt disease transmission or control health problems. Epidemiological data is used for surveillance of disease occurrence, assessing community health, and planning and evaluating public health interventions and programs. Key terms include prevalence, incidence, outbreaks, and risk. Data is collected through screening, surveillance, investigations, and community assessments to target programs and evaluate their impact. Both infectious diseases like chickenpox and non-infectious conditions like obesity are studied using the epidemiological framework.

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    of 27

    Epidemiology

    Health and Society 2012 Dr Elizabeth Denney-Wilson

    Objectives
    Definition of epidemiology Common terms used in epidemiology How epidemiological data is used in public health Examples of epidemiology-infectious disease Examples of epidemiology-non infectious (non-communicable) disease

    Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations
    Distribution-person, places, time Determinants-agent, host, environment Disease-traditional definition but also health, injury, behaviours

    The epidemiological triangle


    Host factors-behaviours, genes, body mass index Agent-eg microorganisms, chemicals, psychological factors, radiation Environment-physical, social or biological circumstances, occupation

    Epidemiological investigation aims to:

    provide information that results in breaking one side of the triangle-thereby disrupting disease transmission or controlling health problems in the community Epidemiology is concerned with disease prevention and control

    Broad Street pump: investigation of a cholera outbreak in London in

    Epidemiological terms
    Prevalence Incidence Vector Morbidity Mortality Epidemic
    How many people have it? How many new cases are there? How is it spread? How many people who have it are sick? How many people who have it will die? How widespread is it?

    Endemic
    Relative risk

    Is it here all the time?


    What are my chances of getting it?

    Back to broad street


    Snow figured out the prevalence (number of cases in total) in the local area by calculating: number of cases of cholera number of residents And compared it with other similar neighbourhoods

    Epidemiology in public health


    Screening Disease surveillance Disease investigation Community health assessment Targeting intervention programs Evaluation of intervention programs

    Screening
    Used to detect disease (or risk factors) in people who dont have signs or symptoms of the disease Disease must be a common and important public health problem Disease has an asymptomatic stage and benefits from early treatment A suitable screening test is available

    Examples

    Disease surveillance

    Active and passive surveillance


    Routine, ongoing data collections
    Laboratories, doctors, hospitals Notifiable diseases include

    Identifying outbreaks or clusters Mounting a public health response

    NSW Ministry of Health data

    Disease investigation

    Occurs in response to a short-term outbreak


    Food or environmental contamination Identify the source Develop intervention to control outbreak Develop prevention policies

    Investigation of a cryptosporidosis outbreak in Sydney

    Community health assessment

    Routine collections of health-related data


    Telephone Paper

    Environmental data
    Pollution Parks, playgrounds Beaches and water quality

    Chief Health Officers Report

    Targeted interventions
    Descriptive and analytic epidemiology identifies unequally distributed disease or risk factors in a population What are the determinants in the high risk group? What interventions can influence the determinants in this population?

    Low levels of physical activity in girls from Middle-Eastern backgrounds


    NSW Health funded targeted, schoolbased intervention to increase participation in physical activity

    Evaluating intervention programs

    Systematic collection of characteristics, activities and results of a program


    Used to make decisions about the process, implementation and outcomes of a program

    Has the program worked and is it good value?

    Evaluation of measure up

    Focus groups
    Recall Understanding of messages Intention to change behaviours What would help make changes?

    Infectious disease-chicken pox Non-immune individuals-not


    previously exposed/infected Immunocompromised individuals

    Herpes Zoster Virus Direct transmission, airborne through coughing/sneezing

    Young children in close contact eg day care

    Non-infectious diseaseobesity Genetic succesptibility


    Food habits Physical activity

    Energy density Portion size Car usage

    Policy Advertising Economic factors

    Summary

    Epidemiology definitions
    Study of distribution and determinants of disease, health and health events in a population

    Uses of epidemiological data


    Surveillance, assessment, Planning and evaluation

    Thanks

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