Learning Objectives: - When You Finish This Chapter, You Will

Learning Objectives
When you finish this chapter, you will:

Recognize major components of an electronic computer. Understand how the different components work. Know the functions of peripheral equipment.
MIS 175 Spring 2002 1
Learning Objectives
Be able to classify computers into major categories, and identify their strengths and weaknesses. Be able to identify and evaluate key criteria when deciding what computers to purchase.
MIS 175 Spring 2002
The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

Four Basic Functions of Computers
Accept data Process data Store data and instructions Output data
MIS 175 Spring 2002
Figure 4.1 All computers have the same basic components.

MIS 175 Spring 2002
Figure 4.2 Organizations have moved from using large mainframes to using networked PCs.
Figure 4.3 A timeline of computing

Figure 4.3 (continued) A timeline of computing

Computer recognizes two states: on or off

Each on or off signal represents a bit (binary digit)
Computers Communicating: Bits And Bytes
Encoding Schemes
Representation of symbols by unique strings of bits
Counting Bases
Decimal system is base 10 Binary systemMIS 175 Spring 2002 is base 2
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Computers Communicating: Bits And Bytes
Figure 4.4 Binary encoding schemes
MIS 175 Spring 2002
A Peek Inside the Computer
Figure 4.5 A look inside a computer
MIS 175 Spring 2002
10

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The brain of the computer Microprocessor
Carries signals that execute all processing
Two Components:
Control unit Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Microprocessor
Silicon chip embedded with transistors, or semiconductors
Figure 4.6 Schematic of how circuits on a chip would be open and closed to represent the letter D in EBCDIC (11000100)
Figure 4.7 What happens inside the CPU in one machine cycle executing the operation 7 + 5

Machine Cycle
CPUs execution of four functions:
Fetch Decode Execute Store
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Time Measurements
Functions measured in small fractions of a second Clock speed determines the number of the smallest operations performed per second
Figure 4.8 Computer time
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Speed Measurements
Measured in terms of cycles per second
1 hertz (Hz) = one clock cycle per second 1 MHz (megahertz) = 1,000,000 clock cycles per second (1 million) 1 GHz (gigahertz) = 1,000,000,000 clock cycles per second (1 billion)
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Moores Law
States that
Chip density will double every 18 months
This has driven incredible decreases in cost per unit of computing power and memory
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Memory
CPU Registers (part of the CPU) Internal Memory
Random access memory (RAM) Read-only memory (ROM)
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Computer Power

Clock rate (measured in cycles per second) Amount of information the CPU can process in each cycle This is determined by the word length and bus size Effective speed determined only by combination of both factors
Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse, Trackball, and Track Pad Touch Screen Source Data Input Devices Imaging Speech Recognition
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Input Devices
Figure 4.9 Banks use magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) to automate their input procedures.
Output Devices
Soft-Copy Output Devices
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor Flat-Panel Monitor Speech Output
Hardcopy Output Devices

Nonimpact Printers (most common) Impact Printers
External Storage Media

External Memory (Storage)
Magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, optical discs
Important Properties to Consider

Capacity Speed Cost Reliability and permanence

Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disks Optical Discs (Compact Discs) Optical Tapes
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Business Considerations of Storage Media
Trade-offs Modes of Access
Sequential Access Direct Access
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Figure 4.11 Characteristics of storage media for business consideration

Figure 4.12 Sequential and random data organization

Classification of Computers
Supercomputers
The largest, most powerful, and most expensive Used by universities, research institutions, large corporations, and the military
Mainframe Computers
Less powerful and less expensive than supercomputers Used by businesses with large amounts of data that needMIS 175 Spring 2002 to be stored in a central
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Minicomputer
Often used as the host computer in a network of smaller computers Priced in the tens of thousands to a few hundred thousand dollars Manufacturers: Compaq (VAX), IBM (AS/400), and Hewlett-Packard
Servers
Minicomputers used for specialized purposes on a network Example: file server, printer server, database server, web server Optimized for processing tasks and I/O with other computers
Personal Computers / Clients Laptop and Handheld Computers
Figure 4.13 PC sales continue to grow.

MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Importance of Standards
Compatibility
Software and peripheral devices from one computer can be used with another computer. In a networked environment, computers need to communicate to share databases and other computing resources. In addition to power and cost, compatibility is an extremely important factor in purchasing decisions.
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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What should you consider when buying personal computers?
Considerations in Purchasing Hardware

Power -- speed, size of memory, storage capacity Expansion and upgrade capability Ports for external devices like printers, hard disks, communication devices Ergonomics: Keyboard, Monitor Vendor reliability, warranty policy, vendor support
MIS 175 Spring 2002
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Learning Objectives: - When You Finish This Chapter, You Will

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Learning Objectives

When you finish this chapter, you will:

MIS 175 Spring 2002

The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

MIS 175 Spring 2002

The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

Figure 4.1 All computers have the same basic components.

The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

Figure 4.3 A timeline of computing

The Central Tool of Modern Information Systems

Figure 4.3 (continued) A timeline of computing

Computer recognizes two states: on or off

Computers Communicating: Bits And Bytes

Computers Communicating: Bits And Bytes

Figure 4.4 Binary encoding schemes

MIS 175 Spring 2002

A Peek Inside the Computer

Figure 4.5 A look inside a computer

MIS 175 Spring 2002

A Peek Inside the Computer

A Peek Inside the Computer

A Peek Inside the Computer

A Peek Inside the Computer

MIS 175 Spring 2002

Figure 4.8 Computer time

MIS 175 Spring 2002

MIS 175 Spring 2002

MIS 175 Spring 2002

A Peek Inside the Computer

MIS 175 Spring 2002

A Peek Inside the Computer

MIS 175 Spring 2002

Hardcopy Output Devices

External Storage Media

Important Properties to Consider

External Storage Media

MIS 175 Spring 2002

External Storage Media

MIS 175 Spring 2002

External Storage Media

Figure 4.11 Characteristics of storage media for business consideration

External Storage Media

Figure 4.12 Sequential and random data organization

Figure 4.13 PC sales continue to grow.

MIS 175 Spring 2002

What should you consider when buying personal computers?

Considerations in Purchasing Hardware

MIS 175 Spring 2002

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