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Chapter 12

This document discusses C++ structs (records) including declaring struct variables, accessing struct members, aggregate operations on structs such as assignment and passing as function parameters/returns, arrays of structs, hierarchical structs containing other structs, and unions which can hold only one member at a time. It provides examples and testing/debugging tips such as using the full member selector and placing array indexes correctly when using arrays within structs or arrays of structs.

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Ahmad Aljoudeh
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24 views22 pages

Chapter 12

This document discusses C++ structs (records) including declaring struct variables, accessing struct members, aggregate operations on structs such as assignment and passing as function parameters/returns, arrays of structs, hierarchical structs containing other structs, and unions which can hold only one member at a time. It provides examples and testing/debugging tips such as using the full member selector and placing array indexes correctly when using arrays within structs or arrays of structs.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Aljoudeh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Records C++ Structs

Chapter 14

What to do with records?


Declaring records Accessing

records Accessing the field of a record What is a union? Can records be in arrays?

Records
Recall that elements of arrays must all

be of the same type


scores : 85 79 92 57 68 80 . . . 0 1 2 3 4 5
98 99

In some situations, we wish to group

elements of different types


employee R. Jones 123 Elm 6/12/55 $14.75

Records
RECORDS are used to group related

components of different types Components of the record are called fields


employee R. Jones 123 Elm 6/12/55 $14.75

In C++ record called a struct (structure) fields called members

Records
C++ struct structured data type fixed number of components elements accessed by name, not by index components may be of different types
struct part_struct { char descrip [31], part_num [11]; float unit_price; int qty; };

Declaring struct Variables


Given
struct part_struct { char descrip [31], part_num [11]; float unit_price; int qty; }; Use struct name as a type.

Declare :

part_struct new_part, old_part;

Accessing Components
Use the name of the record

the name of the member separated by a dot .


old_part.qty = 5; cout << new_part.descrip;

The dot is called the member selector

Aggregate Operations with Structures


Recall that arrays had none (except

reference parameter) Structures DO have aggregate operators


assignment statement = parameter (value or reference) return a structure as a function type

Aggregate Operations with Structures


Limitations on aggregate operations no I/O cout << old_part;
cin >> new_part;

no arithmetic operations
old_part = new_part + old_part;

no comparisons

if (old_part < new_part) cout << ...;

Aggregate Operations with Structures


struct variables must be compared

10

member-wise. To compare the values of student and newStudent, you must compare them member-wise, as follows:
if(student.firstName == newStudent.firstName && student.lastName == newStudent.lastName) ...

11

Input/Output

There are no aggregate input/output operations on struct. Data in a struct variable must be
read one member at a time. Contents of a struct must be written one member at a time.

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struct Variables and Functions

A struct variable can be passed as a

parameter either by value or by reference. A function can return a value of the type struct
Note example program fragment

13

Contrast Arrays and structs

14

Arrays of Records
First declare a struct (such as

part_struct)
Then specify an array of that type
part_struct part_list [50];

Access elements of the array, elements

of the struct
How do we print all the descrip fields? for (x = 0; x <50; x++) part_list[x].descrip cout << _______________________;

15

Records with Arrays


Example
const arraySize = 1000;

struct listType { int elements[arraySize]; //array containing the list int listLength; //length of the list }

See sample program

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Hierarchical Records
Defn => records where at least one of

the components is, itself, a record Example:


struct inventory_struct { part_struct part; int qty_sold, re_order_qty; vendor_struct vendor; };

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Unions
defn => a struct that holds only one of

union Qty_type { int count; float linear_ft; long cu_in; };


Qty_type

its members at a time during program execution At run time, how_many


contains either
an int a float

how_many;

a long

...

But never all three

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Choosing Data Structures


Strive to group logical elements of a

structure together
calls for hierarchical structures

Push details of entities down to lower

levels of the structure Data Abstraction <=> separation of logical peoperties of a data type from its implementation

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Testing and Debugging Hints


Declaration of a struct type must end

with a semicolon ; Be sure to specify the full member selector when referencing a component of a struct variable
dont leave out the struct name

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Testing and Debugging


When using an array in a struct, the

index goes at the end student_rec.scores[x]


When using an array of struct, the index

goes after the struct name parts_list[x].qty

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Testing and Debugging


Process struct members separately

the only aggregate operations will be Assignment = Parameter passing void do_it (part_struct part);
Function return

part_struct blanked_part ( );

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Testing and Debugging


Be careful using same member names

in different struct types


struct parts { int qty; . . . } ; struct test_scores { int qty; . . . } ;

Compiler keeps them separate OK


Human readers can easily confuse

them

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