LINUX

Variables

process our data/information

kept in computers RAM memory

two types of variables

System variables

Created and maintained by Linux itself and is defined in CAPITAL LETTERS.

User defined variables (UDV)

Created and maintained by user and is defined in

LOWER LETTERS

System Variables

System Variables

$ echo $USERNAME $ echo $HOME

Caution: Do not modify System variable this can some time create problems.

System variables

PS1 variable
Prompt string 1 variable Contains the shell prompt, $ symbol

To change the shell prompt

$PS1=Hello>

<Enter>

Now your prompt becomes

Hello>

PS2 variable

Specifies the value for the secondary prompt Secondary prompt

Displays when an incomplete command is entered

on the command line

Default value is > symbol

Example
$PS2=^

Example - PS2 variable

$ echo This is incomplete ^ close the quotes ^

LOGNAME variable

Users login name echo ${LOGNAME}

Or

echo $LOGNAME

SHLVL variable

Contains the shell level currently working in $echo $SHLVL

1
$sh

this is the login shell

$echo $SHLVL 2 $exit working in the new shell

$echo $SHLVL
1 login shell

env command

View a list of all the exported environment variables and their respective values

$env

<enter>

Rules for Naming variable name (Both UDV and System Variable)

Variable name must begin with Alphanumeric character or underscore character (_), followed by one or more Alphanumeric character

Don't put spaces on either side of the equal sign when assigning value to variable.

Variables are case-sensitive

Rules for Naming variable name (Both UDV and System Variable)

You can define NULL variable as follows (NULL variable is variable which has no value at the time of definition)
For e.g.
$ vech= $ vech="

Do not use ?,* etc, to name your variable names.

How to print or access value of UDV (User defined variables)

Syntax:
$variablename

For eg. To print contains of variable 'vech'

$ echo $vech

Linux

echo

Displays text or variables value on screen.

Syntax:-

echo [options] [string, variables...]

Options of echo command

-n

Do not output the trailing new line.

-e
escaped \a \b \c \n \r

Enable interpretation of the following backslash

characters in the strings: alert (bell) backspace suppress trailing new line new line carriage return

\t
\\

horizontal tab
backslash

Example of echo command

$ echo -e "An apple a day keeps away \a\t\tdoctor\n"

More about Quotes

There are three types of quotes

'

Double Quotes Single quotes

Back quote

Double Quotes

Anything enclose in double quotes removed meaning of that characters (except \ and $).

echo Hello
$ echo "Today is date"
Can't print message with today's date.

Single quotes

Enclosed in single quotes remains unchanged.

Back quote

To execute command. Example

$ echo "Today is `date`".

it will print today's date

Shell Arithmetic

Use to perform arithmetic operations expr command is used to execute expressions +

\* / %

Examples

$ expr 2 - 1 $ expr 10 / 2 $ expr 20 % 3 # remainder read as 20 mod 3

and remainder is 2)

$ expr 10 \* 3

# Multiplication use \* not * since its wild card)

$ echo `expr 6 + 3`

Exit Status

$? variable of shell is used $ ls $ echo $?

It will print 0 to indicate command is successfu

Arithmetic expression

Calculate the value of an expression Enclose the expansion in $(( )).

Syntax

$((expression))

expr command

echo `expr 10 + 2` Var=`expr 10 + 2`

Example

$ a=25 & b=20 echo $((a+b))

Expression

combination of terms and operators Result of an expression can be an arithmetic or a logical result
Arithmetic result is represented as a string of decimal

digits
Logical result is represented as a true condition or a

false condition

Conditional execution

Test and [ ] command

If constructs

Test command

Specify a condition that can be either true or false

test command or [ expr ] is used to see if an expression is true

Use square brackets [], instead of test command Returns true or false if it is true it return zero(0), otherwise returns nonzero(>0) for false. Syntax:

test expression
[expression]

test command

test $user_name= rani [ $user_name= rani ]

For Mathematics use following operator in Shell Script

For string Comparisons use

Shell also test for file and directory types

Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine two or more condition at a time

Simple if construct

used for decision making in shell script If given condition is true then command1 is executed. condition is nothing but comparison between two values, for compression we can use test or [expr ] statements or even

exist status can be also used.

An expression is nothing but combination of values, relational operator (such as >,<, <> etc) and mathematical operators (such as +, -, / etc ).

Simple If

Syntax:
if condition then

command1 if condition is true or if exit status

of condition is 0 (zero) ... fi

if...else...fi

If given condition is true then command1 is executed otherwise command2 is executed. Syntax: if condition then command1 if condition is true or if exit status

of condition is 0(zero)
... else command2 if condition is false or if exit status

of condition is >0 (nonzero)

... fi

Example

if test $1 -gt 0 then echo "$1 number is positive"

else
echo "$1 number is negative" fi

Multilevel if-then-else -Syntax

if condition
then
condition is zero (true - 0)

execute all commands up to elif statement

elif condition1
condition1 is zero (true - 0)

execute all commands up to elif statement

elif condition2
condition2 is zero (true - 0)

execute all commands up to elif statement

Multilevel if-then-else -Syntax

else
None of the above condtion,condtion1,condtion2

are true (i.e. all of the above nonzero or false)

execute all commands up to fi

fi

Logical operators example -a AND -o OR

if [ $a ge 60 -a $a -lt 80 ] then
Echo distinction

fi

exit command

Terminate the execution of a shell script and return to the $prompt

Syntax

exit

case.....esac

construct

Check multiple values of a variable

Syntax:
case $variable_name in value1) command.

;;
value2) command. ;; . ..

*) command;;
esac

Example
case $rental in

"car") echo "For $rental Rs.20 per k/m";;

"van") echo "For $rental Rs.10 per k/m";; "jeep") echo "For $rental Rs.5 per k/m";; "bicycle") echo "For $rental 20 paisa per k/m";; *) echo "Sorry, invalid data";; esac

Linux

Loops

for loop While loop Until loop

for loop Syntax:

for { variable name } in { list } do

execute one for each item in the list until the list is

not finished (And repeat all statement between do

and done)

done

Example
for i in 1 2 3 4 5 do echo "Welcome $i times"

done

While loop

Loop is executed as long as given condition is true

While loop Syntax:

while [ condition ] do
command1 command2 command3 .. ....

done

Example multiplication table of a given number

n=$1 i=1 while [ $i -le 10 ] do echo "$n * $i = `expr $i \* $n`" i=`expr $i + 1`

done