01-Using DDL Statements To Create and Manage Tables

Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables
Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Categorize the main database objects Review the table structure List the data types that are available for columns Create a simple table Explain how constraints are created at the time of table creation Describe how schema objects work
10 - 2
Lesson Agenda
Database objects
Naming rules
CREATE TABLE statement:

Access another users tables DEFAULT option
Data types Overview of constraints: NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK constraints Creating a table using a subquery ALTER TABLE
Read-only tables
DROP TABLE statement
10 - 3
Database Objects
Object
Table View Sequence
Description
Basic unit of storage; composed of rows Logically represents subsets of data from one or more tables Generates numeric values
Index
Synonym
Improves the performance of some queries

Gives alternative name to an object
10 - 4
Naming Rules
Table names and column names: Must begin with a letter Must be 130 characters long Must contain only AZ, az, 09, _, $, and # Must not duplicate the name of another object owned by the same user Must not be an Oracle serverreserved word
10 - 5
Lesson Agenda
Database objects
Naming rules

Read-only tables
10 - 6
CREATE TABLE Statement

You must have:
CREATE TABLE privilege
A storage area
CREATE TABLE [schema.]table (column datatype [DEFAULT expr][, ...]);
You specify:
Table name Column name, column data type, and column size
10 - 7
Referencing Another Users Tables

Tables belonging to other users are not in the users schema. You should use the owners name as a prefix to those tables.
USERA SELECT * FROM userB.employees;
USERB SELECT * FROM userA.employees;
10 - 8
DEFAULT Option
Specify a default value for a column during an insert.
... hire_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE, ...
Literal values, expressions, or SQL functions are legal values. Another columns name or a pseudocolumn are illegal values. The default data type must match the column data type.
CREATE TABLE hire_dates (id NUMBER(8), hire_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);
10 - 9
Creating Tables
Create the table:
CREATE TABLE dept (deptno dname loc create_date
NUMBER(2), VARCHAR2(14), VARCHAR2(13), DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);
Confirm table creation:

DESCRIBE dept
10 - 10
Lesson Agenda
Database objects
Naming rules

Read-only tables
10 - 11
Data Types
Data Type
CHAR(size) NUMBER(p,s) DATE LONG CLOB RAW and LONG RAW BLOB BFILE ROWID
Description
Fixed-length character data Variable-length numeric data Date and time values Variable-length character data (up to 2 GB) Character data (up to 4 GB) Raw binary data Binary data (up to 4 GB) Binary data stored in an external file (up to 4 GB) A base-64 number system representing the unique address of a row in its table
VARCHAR2(size) Variable-length character data
10 - 12
Datetime Data Types

You can use several datetime data types:
Data Type
TIMESTAMP INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND
Description
Date with fractional seconds Stored as an interval of years and months Stored as an interval of days, hours, minutes, and seconds
10 - 13
Lesson Agenda
Database objects
Naming rules

Read-only tables
10 - 14
Including Constraints
Constraints enforce rules at the table level. Constraints prevent the deletion of a table if there are dependencies. The following constraint types are valid:
NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY CHECK
10 - 15
Constraint Guidelines
You can name a constraint, or the Oracle server generates a name by using the SYS_Cn format.
Create a constraint at either of the following times:

At the same time as the creation of the table After the creation of the table
Define a constraint at the column or table level. View a constraint in the data dictionary.
10 - 16
Defining Constraints
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE [schema.]table (column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint], ... [table_constraint][,...]);
Column-level constraint syntax:

column [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type,
Table-level constraint syntax:

column,... [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type (column, ...),
10 - 17
Defining Constraints
Example of a column-level constraint:
CREATE TABLE employees( employee_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT emp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY, first_name VARCHAR2(20), ...);
Example of a table-level constraint:

CREATE TABLE employees( employee_id NUMBER(6), first_name VARCHAR2(20), ... job_id VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT emp_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (EMPLOYEE_ID));
10 - 18
NOT NULL Constraint

Ensures that null values are not permitted for the column:
NOT NULL constraint (Primary Key enforces NOT NULL constraint.) NOT NULL constraint Absence of NOT NULL constraint (Any row can contain a null value for this column.)
10 - 19
UNIQUE Constraint
EMPLOYEES
UNIQUE constraint
INSERT INTO
Allowed Not allowed: already exists
10 - 20
UNIQUE Constraint
Defined at either the table level or the column level:
CREATE TABLE employees( employee_id NUMBER(6), last_name VARCHAR2(25) NOT NULL, email VARCHAR2(25), salary NUMBER(8,2), commission_pct NUMBER(2,2), hire_date DATE NOT NULL, ... CONSTRAINT emp_email_uk UNIQUE(email));
10 - 21
PRIMARY KEY Constraint
DEPARTMENTS
PRIMARY KEY
Not allowed (null value)
INSERT INTO
Not allowed (50 already exists)

10 - 22
FOREIGN KEY Constraint

PRIMARY KEY
DEPARTMENTS
EMPLOYEES
FOREIGN KEY
INSERT INTO
Not allowed (9 does not exist) Allowed
10 - 23
FOREIGN KEY Constraint

Defined at either the table level or the column level:
CREATE TABLE employees( employee_id NUMBER(6), last_name VARCHAR2(25) NOT NULL, email VARCHAR2(25), salary NUMBER(8,2), commission_pct NUMBER(2,2), hire_date DATE NOT NULL, ... department_id NUMBER(4), CONSTRAINT emp_dept_fk FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id), CONSTRAINT emp_email_uk UNIQUE(email));
10 - 24
FOREIGN KEY Constraint: Keywords

FOREIGN KEY: Defines the column in the child table at the table-constraint level REFERENCES: Identifies the table and column in the parent table ON DELETE CASCADE: Deletes the dependent rows in the child table when a row in the parent table is deleted ON DELETE SET NULL: Converts dependent foreign key values to null
10 - 25
CHECK Constraint
Defines a condition that each row must satisfy The following expressions are not allowed:
References to CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, and ROWNUM pseudocolumns Calls to SYSDATE, UID, USER, and USERENV functions
Queries that refer to other values in other rows
..., salary NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT emp_salary_min CHECK (salary > 0),...
10 - 26
CREATE TABLE: Example

CREATE TABLE employees ( employee_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT emp_employee_id PRIMARY KEY , first_name VARCHAR2(20) , last_name VARCHAR2(25) CONSTRAINT emp_last_name_nn NOT NULL , email VARCHAR2(25) CONSTRAINT emp_email_nn NOT NULL CONSTRAINT emp_email_uk UNIQUE , phone_number VARCHAR2(20) , hire_date DATE CONSTRAINT emp_hire_date_nn NOT NULL , job_id VARCHAR2(10) CONSTRAINT emp_job_nn NOT NULL , salary NUMBER(8,2) CONSTRAINT emp_salary_ck CHECK (salary>0) , commission_pct NUMBER(2,2) , manager_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT emp_manager_fk REFERENCES employees (employee_id) , department_id NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT emp_dept_fk REFERENCES departments (department_id));
10 - 27
Violating Constraints
UPDATE employees SET department_id = 55 WHERE department_id = 110;
Department 55 does not exist.
10 - 28
Violating Constraints
You cannot delete a row that contains a primary key that is used as a foreign key in another table.
DELETE FROM departments WHERE department_id = 60;
10 - 29
Lesson Agenda
Database objects
Naming rules

Read-only tables
10 - 30
Creating a Table Using a Subquery

Create a table and insert rows by combining the CREATE TABLE statement and the AS subquery option.
CREATE TABLE table [(column, column...)] AS subquery;
Match the number of specified columns to the number of subquery columns. Define columns with column names and default values.
10 - 31
Creating a Table Using a Subquery

CREATE TABLE dept80 AS SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 ANNSAL, hire_date FROM employees WHERE department_id = 80;
DESCRIBE dept80
10 - 32
Lesson Agenda
Database objects
Naming rules

Read-only tables
10 - 33
ALTER TABLE Statement

Use the ALTER TABLE statement to: Add a new column Modify an existing column definition Define a default value for the new column Drop a column Rename a column Change table to read-only status
10 - 34
Read-Only Tables
Use the ALTER TABLE syntax to put a table into the read-only mode: Prevents DDL or DML changes during table maintenance Change it back into read/write mode
ALTER TABLE employees READ ONLY;
-- perform table maintenance and then -- return table back to read/write mode
ALTER TABLE employees READ WRITE;
10 - 35
Lesson Agenda
Database objects
Naming rules

Read-only tables
10 - 36
Dropping a Table
Moves a table to the recycle bin Removes the table and all its data entirely if the PURGE clause is specified Invalidates dependent objects and removes object privileges on the table
DROP TABLE dept80;
10 - 37
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to use the CREATE TABLE statement to create a table and include constraints:
Categorize the main database objects Review the table structure List the data types that are available for columns Create a simple table Explain how constraints are created at the time of table creation Describe how schema objects work
10 - 38
Practice 10: Overview

This practice covers the following topics: Creating new tables Creating a new table by using the CREATE TABLE AS syntax Verifying that tables exist Setting a table to read-only status Dropping tables
10 - 39

01-Using DDL Statements To Create and Manage Tables

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Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

CREATE TABLE statement:

DROP TABLE statement

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Improves the performance of some queries

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

CREATE TABLE statement:

DROP TABLE statement

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

CREATE TABLE Statement

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Referencing Another Users Tables

USERA SELECT * FROM userB.employees;

USERB SELECT * FROM userA.employees;

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

NUMBER(2), VARCHAR2(14), VARCHAR2(13), DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);

Confirm table creation:

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

CREATE TABLE statement:

DROP TABLE statement

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

VARCHAR2(size) Variable-length character data

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Datetime Data Types

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

CREATE TABLE statement:

DROP TABLE statement

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Create a constraint at either of the following times:

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Column-level constraint syntax:

Table-level constraint syntax:

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Example of a table-level constraint:

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

NOT NULL Constraint

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Allowed Not allowed: already exists

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

PRIMARY KEY Constraint

Not allowed (null value)

Not allowed (50 already exists)

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

FOREIGN KEY Constraint

Not allowed (9 does not exist) Allowed

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

FOREIGN KEY Constraint

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

FOREIGN KEY Constraint: Keywords

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.

CREATE TABLE: Example

Copyright 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.