PRESENTOR: OSCAR DOMINGO GATCHALIAN MARY ANN C. CORPUZ PROFESSOR: DR. MANUEL T.

LIBAO

Philosophy of Education plays a role in making changes, hence it contributes to change when needed and types of change caused by philosopher deal with important values of life.

The way teachers think influences the act of teaching. Our values and our views of the totality of existence will affect our relationship with others. If the teachers have good rapport with students, the teachers belief and value system will affect the pupils.

 Philosophy

of Education does contribute to change but only when such change is needed. Its contribution may either be indirect or direct. The type of change caused by the Philosopher deal with important values of life and therefore is likely be monumental change.s.

 As our culture changes, so do our

moral standards. Teachers must be concerned with ethics or in any society, education serves to help initiate its young into its culture, and certainly moral beliefs are a large part of any culture.

To help clarify

concepts such as cause, self, mind and good

.

6. A Process
Kant his pupil : You will not

learn from my philosophy but how to philosophize, not to repeat but how to think. An important role of educational philosophy is to make as aware of the need for asking question.

 Curriculum development as an instrument of

education is based on Philosophy which has man as its focal point. Philosophy studies man not only in himself but also his relation with God. Philosophy is concerned with mans body and mind, passions and emotion, intellect, will and freedom, immortality, values and behaviour patterns, culture, history and science. With regards to mans relation with reality, philosophy is concerned with the nature of reality, what man can know. With regards to

Advocates believe that the school should be Re-constructed to remove from our society such culture crisis as poverty, ignorance, employment etc. Prepares student to make critical analysis on the major problems of society. Emphasis is on behavioural science. Schools should originate policies and programs which would bring about social reforms in the social order.

 They

believe that human being is creator of his own essence and he creates his own values through freedom of choice or individual preference. Believe that the only meaning of life is what each individual makes of it. What is important is the present and therefore individuals should be free to do what makes them happy (eat, drink

Aims

at the total development of the child either through experience, self-activity or learning by doing.

Truth is universal and unchanging and therefore a good education is also universal and constant.

THE MAIN THEORIES OF LEARNING

ASSOCIATION THEORIES

FIELD THEORIES

THE GESTALTIST

Explains learning as the formation of behaviour patterns according to certain organismic laws interpreted as being an actual growth or maturation of the organism.

THE PERCEPTUAL THEORIES

Consider learning as selfperception. They more concerned with knowing and perceiving activities. They believe that learning is part of a larger problem of organization, namely, perceptual organization. Their emphasis is on a functional holistic approach.

THE NATURE OF LEARNING

THE LEARNING CURVE

Learning may be defined as a process which brings about a change in the individuals way of responding as a result of practice or other experience or as a relatively permanent change in behaviour.

LAWS OF LEARNING

MINOR LAWS OF LEARNING

CONDITION AFFECTING LEARNING

1. Learning will be the most effective when the learning situations are related to life as realistically as possible. 2. Learning will be most effective when the learner gains confidence in his ability and also acquires favorable attitudes and good work habits.

3. Learning will be most effective when the environment contributes positively to the leaning situations. 4. Learning will be most effective when the learning experiences help the learner gain an insight through practical use of the relationship with which he is having experiences.

5. Learning situations will be most effective when they are adapted to the needs, capacities, and interest of learners.
6. Learning will be most effective when the learners feel the need for experiences and outcomes.

7. Learning will be most effective when the students are free from emotional tensions.

8. Learning experiences will be most effective if they are adapted to the normal growth of the learners.

9. Learning will be most effective in situations that provide satisfactorily for student participation in planning and learning.

LEVELS OF LEARNING

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING

OBJECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

1. People differ in their rate of learning. 2. Forgetting is more rapid than learning. 3. Review is essential to retain what has been learned. 4. Learning is more effective when followed by appropriate rewards.

Habits are better formed when the sequence of continuous, intermittent, and reward schedules are followed. 6. When the preceding schedules are followed, the behavior can become self-rewarding. 7. Generalization permits the learning of large amounts of information.

5.

8. Discrimination permits appropriate usage of information learned through generalization.

PLANNING THE SEQUENCE OF LEARNING

Distributed practice - when there is a large amount of information to be learned such as complex directions, it is best to distribute the total learning time into separate periods. Massed practice learning to solve a problem or learning an entire sequence at one time with no rest or interruptions.

LEARNING BY FEEDBACK, INTEGRATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL LEARNING

INTEGRATIVE LEARNING

Learning by wholes tends to be better than learning by parts because one sees the total pictures and understands the material better.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO LEARNING

There are five experimental education as criteria to verify whether it is useful philosophy of education 1. Learning must be Current 2. Learning must be Eclectic 3. Learning must be Inclusive 4. Learning must deal with the Essential, Not Structures and Forms. 5. Learning must be

RECALLING AND LEARNING

Recall is a very important factor in learning because the more we can recall effectively the more we learn. Several ways of recalling: 1. Self-recitation while the material is being learned.

2. Over learning helps the learner to have a better memory since he recall more efficiently over learned materials. 3. Periodic review helps to cut down the effects of forgetting. 4.Following a logical pattern makes us remember the

GUIDELINES FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

The SOCIOLOGICAL basis of the curriculum has reference to the Filipino life----- its problems, its conditions, its changes and developments. In other words, Filipino society has its unique needs and conditions which education as a whole and educational planning and curriculum planning in particular must take into account in the education of the Filipino.

The PHYSOCOLOGICAL basis of the Curriculum

It has three components.

1. the nature of the learner 2. the learning process 3. the learning situation
All three are focal areas of educational psychology.

The

three focal areas of educational psychology, an applied branch of psychology concerned with helping teachers understand the problems of teaching and learning. A TEACHER IS EXPECTED, to develop an understanding of the three

 The PSYCHOLOGICAL

basis of the curriculum pertains to the nature of the learner that is, the Filipino learner- the learning situation. It is essential that educators know the ways in which | Filipino children and youth grow, develop and learn, for it is knowing that understanding is achieved

One part of the psychological

basis is the LEARNING PROCESS. It is the process in which people acquire changes in their behavior, improve their performance, reorganize their thinking, or discover new ways of behaving and new concepts and information.

 The word UNDERSTANDING used here

has at least five meanings: 1. It means seeing relationships in human behavior that are not apparent at first glance. 2. It means being able to explain behavior from various aspects and points of view 3. It means developing an awareness of important factors in behavior 4. It means identifying the causes of behavior. 5. It means making accurate predictions

FOUNDATIONS OF THE CURRICULUM IN THE SCHOOLS

TEACHING AND LEARNING

Some people claim that when learning has occurred, teaching has occurred and vice versa. We deny this. There can be learning where there has been no teaching and good can result in little or no learning at all.