Network Basics

Eng. Yassir Hassan Elamin

Introduction RARP

Contents

BOOTP
DHCP Installation

Introduction RARP

BOOTP
DHCP Installation

Basic Networking Concepts 1. Introduction 2. Protocols 3. Protocol Layers 4. Network Interconnection/Internet

1. Introduction -A network can be defined as a group of computers and other devices connected in some ways so as to be able to exchange data. -Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node; each node has a unique address. -Addresses are numeric quantities that are easy for computers to work with, but not for humans to remember. Example: 204.160.241.98 -Some networks also provide names that humans can more easily remember than numbers. Example: www.javasoft.com, corresponding to the above numeric address.

Addressing Internet address Consists of 4 bytes separated by periods Example: 136.102.233.49 -The R first bytes (R= 1,2,3) correspond to the network address; -The remaining H bytes (H = 3,2,1) are used for the host machine. -InterNIC Register: organization in charge of the allocation of the address ranges corresponding to networks. -Criteria considered: Geographical area (country) Organization, enterprise Department Host Domain Name System (DNS) -Mnemonic textual addresses are provided to facilitate the manipulation of internet addresses. -DNS servers are responsible for translating mnemonic textual Internet addresses into hard numeric Internet addresses.

Ports -An IP address identifies a host machine on the Internet. -An IP port will identify a specific application running on an Internet host machine. -A port is identified by a number, the port number. -The number of ports is not functionally limited, in contrast to serial communications where only 4 ports are allowed. -There are some port numbers which are dedicated for specific applications.

Interconnection -Networks of low capacity may be connected together via a backbone network which is a network of high capacity such as a FDDI network, a WAN network etc. -LANs and WANs can be interconnected via T1 or T3 digital leased lines -According to the protocols involved, networks interconnection is achieved using one or several of the following devices: Bridge: a computer or device that links two similar LANs based on the same protocol. Router: a communication computer that connects different types of networks using different protocols. B-router or Bridge/Router: a single device that combines both the functions of bridge and router. Gateway: a network device that connects two different systems, using direct and systematic translation between protocols.

Network Topology Diagram The specification of the network topology diagram requires the definition of the characteristics and entities underlying the network: -Geographical locations of the different components or subnets involved in the network. -Description of the LAN topology -Description of the WAN topology -Description of the network connectors such as routers, bridges, repeaters, and gateways.

2. Protocols -Define the rules that govern the communications between two computers connected to the network. -Roles: addressing and routing of messages, error detection and recovery, sequence and flow controls etc. -A protocol specification consists of the syntax, which defines the kinds and formats of the messages exchanged, and the semantic, which specifies the action taken by each entity when specific events occur. Example: HTTP protocol for communication between web browsers and servers.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Overview -TCP provides by using IP packets a basic service that does guarantee safe delivery: error detection safe data transmission assurance that data are received in the correct order -Before sending data, TCP requires that the computers communicating establish a connection (connection-oriented protocol).

-TCP provides support for sending and receiving arbitrary amounts of data as one big stream of byte data (IP is limited to 64Kb). -TCP does so by breaking up the data stream into separate IP packets. -Packets are numbered, and reassembled on arrival, using sequence and sequence acknowledge numbers. -TCP also improves the capability of IP by specifying port numbers. There are 65,536 different TCP ports (sockets) through which every TCP/IP machine can talk.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Overview -Datagram protocol also built on top of IP. -Has the same packet-size limit (64Kb) as IP, but allows for port number specification. -Provides also 65,536 different ports. -Hence, every machine has two sets of 65,536 ports: one for TCP and the other for UDP. -Connectionless protocol, without any error detection facility. -Provides only support for data transmission from one end to the other, without any further verification. -The main interest of UDP is that since it does not make further verification, it is very fast. -Useful for sending small size data in a repetitive way such as time information.

4.5 Internet Application Protocols On top of TCP/IP, several services have been developed in order to homogenize applications of same nature: -FTP (File Transfer Protocol) allows the transfer of collection of files between two machines connected to the Internet. -Telnet (Terminal Protocol) allows a user to connect to a remote host in terminal mode. -NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) allows the constitution of communication groups (newsgroups) organized around specific topics. -SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) defines a basic service for electronic mails. -SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) allows the management of the network.

Bandwidth
Data rate measured in bits (not bytes) per seconds Kbps (Kilobits per seconds)
125 chars/sec

Mbps (Megabits per seconds)

1,250 chars/sec

Gbps (Gigabits per seconds)

12,500 chars/sec

Connecting to the Internet

Requirement
A computer or PDA or cell phone An account with an ISP (Internet Service Provider) A modem (modulator/demodulator) for dial-up services or a NIC (Network Interface Card) for DSL/Cable services

Home Network (single machine)

Wall Jack

DSL/Cable Modem

USB/Ethernet Cable

Home Network (multiple machines)

Wall Jack

DSL/Cable Modem

Hub/Switch/Router USB/Ethernet Cable

Home Network (multiple machines)

Wall Jack
Ethernet Cable DSL/Cable Modem Hub/Switch/Router

Home Wireless Network

Wall Jack
Ethernet Cable DSL/Cable Modem Hub/Switch/Router

Connection Types
LAN WLAN Dial-up Services Broadband Services WAN

LAN (Local Area Network)

A network of computers that are in the same physical location, such as home or building Usually connected using Ethernet
A standard on how computers communicate over a shared media (cable)
Old: BNC connector for coaxial cable New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BNC_connector.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethernet_RJ45_connector_p1160054.jpg

LAN (Local Area Network)

Ethernet Standard
10BaseT
10Mbps (Mega bits per second)

100BaseT
100Mbps

1000BaseT
1000Mbps or 1Gbps

Correction from the book (pg. 10)

Why do we get faster connection at work or on campus than at home?

LAN (Local Area Network)

Question: Can 2 computers communicate by connecting each other using an Ethernet cable back-to-back?

WLAN (Wireless LAN)

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
A wireless technology that connects computers without cables

Access Point (AP)

A device (base station) that connects wireless devices together Usually connected to a wired-network

ESSID (Extended Service Set ID)

A name for the AP, eg. mobilenet

Hotspot
The area covered by wireless access points

WLAN (Wireless LAN)

Standard
802.11b - 11Mbps 802.11g - 54Mbps 802.11a - 54Mbps
2.4G 5G

Security
WEP (Wired Equivalen Privacy) WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) To prevent wardriving

Dial-up Services
Modem
Modulator/demodulator A device that converts analog signal to digital (modulation) and vice versa (demodulation) Speed
1200/2400/9600 bps 14.4/28.8/33.6 Kbps 56 Kbps

Dial-up Services
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network 2 data channel (56K each) 1 voice channel

Broadband Services
xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
A technology that provides digital data transmission over unused frequencies on traditional telephone lines For example, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): DL > UL

Speed
Downlink
128Kbps - 4Mbps

Uplink
64Kbps - 800Kbps

Need a DSL modem Splitters are needed to separate the voice and data signal

Broadband Services
Cable
A technology that provides digital data transmission over cable TV infrastructure Speed Downlink
128Kbps - 3~5Mbps

Uplink
64Kbps - 128Kbps~1Mbps

Need a cable modem

Broadband Services
Satellite
A technology that provide digital data transmission over satellites Speed Downlink
500Kbps - 1Mbps

Uplink
50Kbps - 100Kbps

Need a satellite dish

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A LAN spans a large geographic area, such as connections between cities
Usually connected using leased line
T1 (1.5Mbps) T3 (45Mbps) OC3 (155Mbps) OC12 (622Mbps) OC48 (2.4Gbps)
Telecommunication lines

Fiber optic lines

Hub/Switch/Router
To connect multiple segments of networks into a larger one Hub
A multiport repeater to enhance signal within the same LAN

Switch
Like hub but with intelligent Better performance

Router
Forward packets from one LAN to another

Intranet vs. Internet

Intranet
A private network that is contained within an enterprise Could be LANs and WANs

Internet
A public network of networks

Both are using TCP/IP

TCP/IP
A family of protocols that makes the Internet works The Robustness Principle
Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send - Jon Postel

TCP/IP (cont)
Application Layer Eg. WWW, FTP, IRC, Email, telnet, Transport Layer Eg. TCP, UDP Network Layer Eg. IP Data Segments

Packets
Frames Bits

Link Layer Eg. Ethernet, WiFi

Physical Layer Eg. Ethernet Cable, fiber-optics

Hubs
Reference to equipment

A hub is the place where data converges from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more directions. Seen in local area networks

Gateways
A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another network. On the internet, in terms of routing, the network consists of gateway nodes and host nodes. Host nodes are computer of network users and the computers that serve contents (such as Web pages). Gateway nodes are computers that control traffic within your companys network or at your local internet service provider (ISP)

Routers
A router is a device or a software in a computer that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. Allow different networks to communicate with each other A router creates and maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and uses this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet. A packet will travel through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its destination.

Bridge
a bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token ring). A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on the other interconnected LAN (or LANs).

What is the difference between?

Bridge: device to interconnect two LANs that use the SAME logical link control protocol but may use different medium access control protocols. Router: device to interconnect SIMILAR networks, e.g. similar protocols and workstations and servers Gateway: device to interconnect DISSIMILAR protocols and servers, and Macintosh and IBM LANs and equipment

Switches
Allow different nodes of a network to communicate directly with each other. Allow several users to send information over a network at the same time without slowing each other down.

What is ethernet?
A group of standards for defining a local area network that includes standards in cabling and the structure of the data sent over those cables as well as the hardware that connects those cables. Independent of the network architecture Flavors of ethernet IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Specification
Great detail specifying cable types, data formats, and procedures for transferring that data through those cables

IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Specification

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Every computer and most devices (e.g. a network printer) is connected to network through an NIC. In most desktop computers, this is an Ethernet card (10 or 100 Mbps) that is plugged into a slot on the computer motherboard.

How does Ethernet work?

Using MAC addresses to distinguish between machines, Ethernet transmits frames of data across baseband cables using CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3)

What is a MAC Address?

Media Access Control (MAC) Address are the physical address of any device, e.g. a NIC in a computer on the network. The MAC address has two parts of 3 bytes long. The first 3 bytes specify the company that made the NIC and the second 3 bytes are the serial number of the NIC.

Introduction to Computer Networks

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS

Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks
Computer network connects two or more autonomous computers.

The computers geographically anywhere.

can be located

Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN, MAN & WAN

Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)

Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) Software (application software)
Information Sharing Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases) Search Capability (WWW) Communication Email Message broadcast Remote computing Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology

The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs. When installed, the star topology resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.

Larger networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology. When used with network devices that filter frames or packets, like bridges, switches, and routers, this topology significantly reduces the traffic on the wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination address to the frame. The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the destination node, which takes the data out of the frame. Single ring All the devices on the network share a single cable Dual ring The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance.

It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for mission critical networks like those used by banks and financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components
Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices Computers

Networking Software
Applications

Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media
Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by cable or wireless means).

Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
HUB, Switches, Wireless Access Modems etc. Routers, Points,

Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers

In a client/server network arrangement, network services are located in a dedicated computer whose only function is to respond to the requests of clients. The server contains the file, print, application, security, and other services in a central computer that is continuously available to respond to client requests.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications
E-mail Searchable Data (Web Sites) E-Commerce News Groups Internet Telephony (VoIP) Video Conferencing Chat Groups Instant Messengers Internet Radio

Basics of Networking

Class A - This class is for very large networks,

such as a major international company might have. IP addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126 are part of this class.

Basics of Networking

Class B - This class is used for medium-sized networks. A good example is a large college campus. IP addresses with a first octet from 128 to 191 are part of this class. Class B addresses also include the second octet as part of the Net identifier.

Basics of Networking

Class C - Class C addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size businesses. IP addresses with a first octet from 192 to 223 are part of this class. Class C addresses also include the second and third octets as part of the Net identifier.

Basics of Networking
LOOPBACK Loopback - The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loopback address. This means that it is used by the host computer to send a message

back to itself.

Basics of Networking
TYPES OF NETWORKS LAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK IS A SMALL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS OUR SCHOOL BOARD. MAN METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK OVER A LARGER GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. WAN WIDE AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK USED OVER AN EXTREMELY LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

Basics of Networking
NETWORKS ARE BROKEN INTO 3 TOPOLOGIES. THEY ARE:

BUS TOPOLOGY STAR TOPOLOGY RING TOPOLOGY

Basics of Networking

BUS TOPOLOGY ALLOWS INFORMATION TO BE DIRECTED FROM ONE COMPUTER TO THE OTHER. LOTS OF BINARY COLLISION THOUGH.

Basics of Networking

STAR TOPOLOGY IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE USED. ALL COMPUTERS ARE ATTACHED TO A HUB. LESS COLLISIONS AND MOST EFFICIENT.

Basics of Networking

RING TOPOLOGY- USES A TOKEN TO PASS INFORMATION FROM 1 COMPUTER TO THE OTHER. A TOKEN IS ATTACHED TO THE MESSAGE BY THE SENDER TO IDENTIFY WHICH COMPUTER SHOULD RECEIVE THE MESSAGE. AS THE MESSAGE MOVES AROUND THE RING, EACH COMPUTER EXAMINES THE TOKEN. IF THE COMPUTER IDENTIFIES THE TOKEN AS ITS OWN, THEN IT WILL PROCESS THE INFORMATION.

Basics of Networking

A DISADVANTAGE OF A TOKEN RING IS IF ONE COMPUTER IS BROKEN OR DOWN, THE MESSAGE CANNOT BE PASSED TO THE OTHER COMPUTERS.

General Diagram
Discover Use this address

Ill use this one Client

OK

DHCP Server

Internet

Q & A
Thanks

Eng. Yassir Hassan Elamin