Scribd
Upload
282 views52 pages

Data Communication and Networking CH

Streaming STORED AUDIO / video refers to on-demand requests for compressed files. Streaming live audio/video is similar to the broadcasting of radio and TV programs. Both are sensitive to network latency.

Uploaded by

Uzair Khan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
282 views52 pages

Data Communication and Networking CH

Streaming STORED AUDIO / video refers to on-demand requests for compressed files. Streaming live audio/video is similar to the broadcasting of radio and TV programs. Both are sensitive to network latency.

Uploaded by

Uzair Khan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 52

Chapter 29

Multimedia

29.1

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 29.1 Internet audio/video

29.2

Note

Streaming stored audio/video refers to on-demand requests for compressed audio/video files.

29.3

Note

Streaming live audio/video refers to the broadcasting of radio and TV programs through the Internet.

29.4

Note

Interactive audio/video refers to the use of the Internet for interactive audio/video applications.

29.5

29-1 DIGITIZING AUDIO AND VIDEO


Before audio or video signals can be sent on the Internet, they need to be digitized. We discuss audio and video separately.

Topics discussed in this section:


Digitizing Audio Digitizing Video

29.6

Note

Compression is needed to send video over the Internet.

29.7

29-2 AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION


To send audio or video over the Internet requires compression. In this section, we discuss audio compression first and then video compression.

Topics discussed in this section:


Audio Compression Video Compression

29.8

Figure 29.2 JPEG gray scale

29.9

Figure 29.3 JPEG process

29.10

Figure 29.4 Case 1: uniform gray scale

29.11

Figure 29.5 Case 2: two sections

29.12

Figure 29.6 Case 3: gradient gray scale

29.13

Figure 29.7 Reading the table

29.14

Figure 29.8 MPEG frames

29.15

Figure 29.9 MPEG frame construction

29.16

29-3 STREAMING STORED AUDIO/VIDEO


Now that we have discussed digitizing and compressing audio/video, we turn our attention to specific applications. The first is streaming stored audio and video. Topics discussed in this section:
First Approach: Using a Web Server Second Approach: Using a Web Server with a Metafile Third Approach: Using a Media Server Fourth Approach: Using a Media Server and RTSP

29.17

Figure 29.10 Using a Web server

29.18

Figure 29.11 Using a Web server with a metafile

29.19

Figure 29.12 Using a media server

29.20

Figure 29.13 Using a media server and RTSP

29.21

29-4 STREAMING LIVE AUDIO/VIDEO


Streaming live audio/video is similar to the broadcasting of audio and video by radio and TV stations. Instead of broadcasting to the air, the stations broadcast through the Internet. There are several similarities between streaming stored audio/video and streaming live audio/video. They are both sensitive to delay; neither can accept retransmission. However, there is a difference. In the first application, the communication is unicast and on-demand. In the second, the communication is multicast and live.
29.22

29-5 REAL-TIME INTERACTIVE AUDIO/VIDEO


In real-time interactive audio/video, people communicate with one another in real time. The Internet phone or voice over IP is an example of this type of application. Video conferencing is another example that allows people to communicate visually and orally. Topics discussed in this section:
Characteristics

29.23

Figure 29.14 Time relationship

29.24

Note

Jitter is introduced in real-time data by the delay between packets.

29.25

Figure 29.15 Jitter

29.26

Figure 29.16 Timestamp

29.27

Note

To prevent jitter, we can time-stamp the packets and separate the arrival time from the playback time.

29.28

Figure 29.17 Playback buffer

29.29

Note

A playback buffer is required for realtime traffic.

29.30

Note

A sequence number on each packet is required for real-time traffic.

29.31

Note

Real-time traffic needs the support of multicasting.

29.32

Note

Translation means changing the encoding of a payload to a lower quality to match the bandwidth of the receiving network.

29.33

Note

Mixing means combining several streams of traffic into one stream.

29.34

Note

TCP, with all its sophistication, is not suitable for interactive multimedia traffic because we cannot allow retransmission of packets.

29.35

Note

UDP is more suitable than TCP for interactive traffic. However, we need the services of RTP, another transport layer protocol, to make up for the deficiencies of UDP.

29.36

29-6 RTP
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocol designed to handle real-time traffic on the Internet. RTP does not have a delivery mechanism; it must be used with UDP. RTP stands between UDP and the application program. The main contributions of RTP are time-stamping, sequencing, and mixing facilities. Topics discussed in this section:
RTP Packet Format UDP Port

29.37

Figure 29.18 RTP

29.38

Figure 29.19 RTP packet header format

29.39

Table 20.1 Payload types

29.40

Note

RTP uses a temporary even-numbered UDP port.

29.41

29-7 RTCP
RTP allows only one type of message, one that carries data from the source to the destination. In many cases, there is a need for other messages in a session. These messages control the flow and quality of data and allow the recipient to send feedback to the source or sources. Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) is a protocol designed for this purpose. Topics discussed in this section:
Sender Report and Receiver Report Messages UDP Port
29.42

Figure 29.20 RTCP message types

29.43

Note

RTCP uses an odd-numbered UDP port number that follows the port number selected for RTP.

29.44

29-8 VOICE OVER IP


Let us concentrate on one real-time interactive audio/video application: voice over IP, or Internet telephony. The idea is to use the Internet as a telephone network with some additional capabilities. Two protocols have been designed to handle this type of communication: SIP and H.323. Topics discussed in this section:
SIP H.323

29.45

Figure 29.21 SIP messages

29.46

Figure 29.22 SIP formats

29.47

Figure 29.23 SIP simple session

29.48

Figure 29.24 Tracking the callee

29.49

Figure 29.25 H.323 architecture

29.50

Figure 29.26 H.323 protocols

29.51

Figure 29.27 H.323 example

29.52

You might also like