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    Chapter 7 Mood Disorders

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    Peng Chiew Low
    This document provides an overview of mood disorders, including unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses the key symptoms of depression as a low, sad state and mania as a state of euphoric energy. Most mood disorders involve periods of depression, but bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania. Unipolar depression is more common than bipolar disorder and affects about 7% of the US population in a given year. The causes of mood disorders are thought to involve genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors like negative thinking patterns.

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    Chapter 7 Mood Disorders

    Uploaded by

    Peng Chiew Low
    231 views29 pages
    This document provides an overview of mood disorders, including unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses the key symptoms of depression as a low, sad state and mania as a state of euphoric energy. Most mood disorders involve periods of depression, but bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania. Unipolar depression is more common than bipolar disorder and affects about 7% of the US population in a given year. The causes of mood disorders are thought to involve genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors like negative thinking patterns.

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    This document provides an overview of mood disorders, including unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses the key symptoms of depression as a low, sad state and mania as a state of euphoric energy. Most mood disorders involve periods of depression, but bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania. Unipolar depression is more common than bipolar disorder and affects about 7% of the US population in a given year. The causes of mood disorders are thought to involve genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors like negative thinking patterns.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    231 views29 pages

    Chapter 7 Mood Disorders

    Uploaded by

    Peng Chiew Low
    This document provides an overview of mood disorders, including unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. It discusses the key symptoms of depression as a low, sad state and mania as a state of euphoric energy. Most mood disorders involve periods of depression, but bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of depression and mania. Unipolar depression is more common than bipolar disorder and affects about 7% of the US population in a given year. The causes of mood disorders are thought to involve genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors like negative thinking patterns.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    Slides & Handouts by Karen Clay Rhines, Ph.D. Seton Hall University (edited by E. Schliecker, Ph.D.

    Gordon College, for use in class)

    Chapter 7
    Mood Disorders

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    Mood Disorders
    Two key emotions on a continuum:
    Depression Mania

    Depression
    Low, sad state in which life seems dark and overwhelming

    Mania
    State of breathless euphoria and frenzied energy

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    Mood Disorders
    Most mood disorders are
    unipolar depression Person has no history of mania Mood returns to normal when depression lifts

    When periods of depression alternate with periods of mania


    This pattern is called bipolar disorder Unipolar mania, in which people suffer from mania only but this pattern is uncommon

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    How Common Is Unipolar Depression?


    About 7% of the U.S. population experiences severe unipolar depression in any given year
    As many as 5% experience mild depression

    The prevalence is similar in Canada, England, France, and many other countries Approximately 17% of all adults experience unipolar depression at some time in their lives
    Rates have been steadily increasing since 1915

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    How Common Is Unipolar Depression?


    In almost all countries, women are twice as likely as men to experience (or be diagnosed with) severe unipolar depression
    Lifetime prevalence: 26% of women vs. 12% of men

    These rates hold true across socioeconomic classes and ethnic groups Approximately 50% recover within six weeks, some without treatment
    Most will experience another episode at some point
    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    What Are the Symptoms of Unipolar Depression? Five main areas of functioning may be affected:
    Emotional symptoms
    Feeling miserable, empty, humiliated Experiencing little pleasure

    Behavioral symptoms
    Less active, less productive

    Cognitive symptoms
    Hold negative views of themselves Blame themselves for unfortunate events Pessimism

    Motivational symptoms
    Lacking drive, initiative, spontaneity Between 6% and 15% of those with severe depression commit suicide

    Physical symptoms
    Headaches, dizzy spells, general pain
    6

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    Diagnosing Unipolar Depression


    Criteria 1: Major depressive episode
    Marked by five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks
    In extreme cases, symptoms are psychotic, including
    Hallucinations Delusions

    Criteria 2: No history of mania

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    Diagnosing Unipolar Depression


    Two diagnoses to consider:
    Major depressive disorder
    Criteria 1 and 2 are met

    Dysthymic disorder
    Symptoms are mild but chronic Depression is longer lasting but less disabling Consistent symptoms for at least two years

    When dysthymic disorder leads to major depressive disorder, the sequence is called double depression

    Seasonal Affective Disorder:


    Pineal gland & melatonin
    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8 8

    What Causes Unipolar Depression?


    Stress may be a trigger for depression Some clinicians distinguish reactive (exogenous) depression from endogenous depression, which seems to be a response to internal factors
    The utility of this distinction is questionable and todays clinicians usually concentrate on recognizing the situational and the internal aspects of any given case

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Biological View


    Genetic factors
    Family pedigree, twin, adoption, and molecular gene studies suggest that some people inherit a biological predisposition
    Researchers have found that as many as 20% of relatives of those with depression are themselves depressed, compared with fewer than 10% of the general population Twin studies demonstrate a strong genetic component: Rates for identical (MZ) twins = 46% Rates for fraternal (DZ) twins = 20% Adoption and molecular gene studies also have implicated a genetic factor in cases of severe unipolar depression

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    10

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Biological View


    Biochemical factors
    NTs: serotonin and norepinephrine
    In the 1950s, medications for high blood pressure were found to cause depression
    Some lowered serotonin, others lowered norepinephrine

    This led to the discovery of effective antidepressant medications which relieved depression by increasing either serotonin or norepinephrine Depression likely involves not just serotonin nor norepinephrine a complex interaction is at work, and other NTs may be involved

    Endocrine function
    abnormal levels of cortisol abnormal melatonin secretion (or hypersensitivity)
    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8 11

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Psychological Views


    Three main models:
    Psychodynamic model
    Little research, but some support
    anger turned inward Link between depression and grief (symbolic or actual loss) Conflicted object relations

    Behavioral model
    Modestly supported by research As life changes, we experience a change (loss) of rewards Social rewards are especially important

    Cognitive model Has considerable research support


    Negative thinking Learned helplessness
    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8 12

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Psychological Views


    Psychodynamic view Strengths:
    Studies have offered general support for the psychodynamic idea that depression may be triggered by a major loss Research supports the theory that early losses set the stage for later depression Research also suggests that people whose childhood needs were improperly met are more likely to become depressed after suffering a loss

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    13

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Psychological Views


    Psychodynamic view Limitations:
    Early losses dont inevitably lead to depression
    May not be typically responsible for development of depression

    Many research findings are inconsistent Theory is largely untestable because of its reliance on unconscious processes

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    14

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Psychological Views


    Behavioral view
    Strengths:
    Researchers have compiled significant data to support this theory

    Limitations:
    Research has relied heavily on the self-reports of depressed subjects Behavioral studies are largely correlational and do not establish that decreases in rewards are the cause of depression

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    15

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Psychological Views


    Cognitive views
    Negative thinking (Beck)
    1. Maladaptive attitudes Beck suggests that upsetting situations later in life can trigger further rounds of negative thinking that had developed in childhood 2. The cognitive triad: negative interpretation of (1) their experiences, (2) themselves, and (3) their futures in negative ways, leading to depression 3. Depressed people also make errors in their thinking, including: Arbitrary inferences Minimization of the positive and magnification of the negative 4. Depressed people experience automatic thoughts A steady train of unpleasant thoughts that suggest inadequacy and hopelessness

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    16

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Psychological Views


    Cognitive views
    Strengths:
    There is significant research support for Becks model: High correlation between the level of depression and the number of maladaptive attitudes Both the cognitive triad and errors in logic are seen in people with depression Automatic thinking has been linked to depression

    Limitations:
    Research fails to show that such cognitive patterns are the cause and core of unipolar depression

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    17

    What Causes Unipolar Depression? The Psychological Views


    Cognitive views
    Learned helplessness
    Theory asserts that people become depressed when they think that:
    They no longer have control over the reinforcements in their lives They themselves are responsible for this helpless state

    Theory is based on Seligmans work with laboratory dogs

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    18

    Bipolar Disorders
    People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania
    They describe their life as an emotional roller coaster

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    19

    What Are the Symptoms of Mania?


    Mania: dramatic and inappropriate rises in mood
    1. Emotional symptoms
    Active, powerful emotions in search of outlet

    2. Motivational symptoms
    Need for constant excitement, involvement, companionship

    3. Behavioral symptoms
    Very active move quickly; talk loudly or rapidly
    Key word: flamboyance!

    4. Cognitive symptoms
    Show poor judgment or planning
    Especially prone to poor (or no) planning

    5. Physical symptoms
    High energy level often in the presence of little or no rest
    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8 20

    Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders


    Criteria 1: Manic episode
    Three or more symptoms of mania lasting one week or more
    In extreme cases, symptoms are psychotic

    Criteria 2: History of mania


    If currently experiencing hypomania or depression

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    21

    Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders


    DSM-IV-TR distinguishes between two kinds of bipolar disorder:
    Bipolar I disorder
    Full manic and major depressive episodes Most sufferers experience an alternation of episodes Some experience mixed episodes

    Bipolar II disorder
    Hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes

    Rapid cycling: 4 or more episodes per year Seasonal: moods vary with the seasons
    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8 22

    Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders


    Individuals with bipolar disorder tend to experience depression more than mania over the years
    In most cases, depressive episodes occur three times as often as manic ones, and last longer

    Between 1% and 2.6% of adults in the world suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time The disorders are equally common in women and men
    Women may experience more depressive episodes and fewer manic episodes than men Rapid cycling is more common in women

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    23

    Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders


    Cyclothymic Disorder
    Mild symptoms for two or more years, interrupted by periods of normal mood Affects 0.4% of the population May blossom into bipolar I or II disorder

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    24

    What Causes Bipolar Disorders?


    biological research has produced some promising clues
    New insights have come from research into NT activity, ion activity, brain structure, and genetic factors

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    25

    What Causes Bipolar Disorders?


    Neurotransmitters
    permissive theory about mood disorders:
    Low serotonin may open the door to a mood disorder and permit norepinephrine activity to define the particular form the disorder will take:
    Low serotonin + Low norepinephrine = Depression Low serotonin + High norepinephrine = Mania

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    26

    What Causes Bipolar Disorders?


    Ion activity
    Ions, which are needed to send incoming messages to nerve endings, may be improperly transported through the cells of individuals with bipolar disorder This improper transport may cause neurons to fire too easily (mania) or to resist firing (depression)
    There is some research support for this theory

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    27

    What Causes Bipolar Disorders?


    Brain structure
    Brain imaging and postmortem studies have identified a number of abnormal brain structures in people with bipolar disorder; in particular, the basal ganglia and cerebellum among others
    It is not clear what role such structural abnormalities play

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    28

    What Causes Bipolar Disorders?


    Genetic factors
    Many experts believe that people inherit a biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorders
    Family pedigree studies support this theory; when one twin or sibling has bipolar disorder, the likelihood for the other twin or sibling increases: Identical (MZ) twins = 40% likelihood Fraternal (DZ) twins and siblings = 5% to 10% likelihood General population = 1% likelihood

    Treatment
    Lithium (supports ion theory) or other mood stabilizers combined with an anti-depressant

    Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 6e Chapter 8

    29

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