KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS Electrical Engineering Department Second Semester (052)
EE 400 Telecommunication Networking
4G WIRELESS NETWORKS
Prepared by:
Sunidhi
Outline
Introduction
What is 4G? What's New in 4G?
3G vs. 4G
4G Network Features How 4G works Challenges Summary
What is 4G?
A wireless access technology and is the successor of 3G.
Called "3G and Beyond". Enables seamless roaming between technologies. Plans on releasing the first commercial network in 2012. NTT DoCoMo Company is testing 4G communication at 100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary.
What's New in 4G?
Entirely packet-switched networks.
All network elements are digital. Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps). Tight network security.
Features of 4G Networks
4G networks are all-IP
(Internet Protocol) based heterogeneous networks
This will allow users to:
Select any system at any
time and any where
Use Multiple systems at
the same time (e.g. GPS and WLANs and CDMA)
A wide range of applications
using only one 4G integrated terminal
Features of 4G Networks (cont.)
Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.
Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates. Global mobility and service portability. Low cost. Scalability of mobile networks (>10 times the
capacity of 3G).
3G vs. 4G
3G (including 2.5G) 4G
Major Requirement Driving Architecture
Network Architecture Speeds Frequency Band
Predominantly voice driven data was always add on
Wide area cell-based 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps Dependent on country or continent (1800-2400 MHz)
Converged data and voice over IP
Hybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)
Bandwidth
Switching Design Basis Access Technologies Forward Error Correction
5-20 MHz
Circuit and Packet W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge Convolution rate 1/2, 1/3
100 MHz (or more)
All digital with packetized voice OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) Concatenated coding scheme
Component Design
Optimized antenna design, multi-band adapters
A number of air link protocols, including IP 5.0
multi-band adapters Smarter Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios
All IP (IP6.0)
IP
From : www.mobileinfo.com
How 4G works (working principle)
The IP address is based on IPv6. IPv4:
X.X.X.X example: 216.37.129.9 4 IPv4
(32 bits)
IPv6:
(128 bits)
example:
216.37.129.9 , 79.23.178.229 , 65.198.2.10 , 192.168.5.120
home address care-of address mobile IP address local network address
IPv4 vs. IPv6
IPv4 Structure 32 bits IPv6 128 bits
Security Function
Poor security Addressing
1.
Enhance security
Multi-fun. and mobile fun. are built-in Plug & Play (Auto-Configuration)
2.
The 4G mobile network(s)
HAPS Satellite
Wireline or Wireless Networks (Internet) Services
GSM
Care-ofMobile IP Add. Add.
UMTS Content
Bluetooth WLAN
ADSL
Home Add. Care-of Add.
OFDM Unspecified TDMA FDD WCDMA TD-CDMA OFDM TDD Direct Sequence Frequency Hopping
Very wide area
Wide area
Metropolitan area
Local area
Personal area
4G Systems Challenges
To migrate current systems to 4G with the features
mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number of challenges These challenges are grouped into the following different aspects: Accessing Different Networks: Multimode Devices Overlay Network
Terminal Mobility
Location Management Handoff Management
4G Wireless Networks Challenges First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access several and different mobile and wireless networks There are two possible architectures
Multimode Devices
Overlay Network
First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
1. Multimode Devices Architecture
A single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access the different wireless networks Advantages: Improve call completion Expand coverage area Reliable coverage in case of network, link or switch failure Disadvantages: Complexity in the hardware of the device Handoff Mechanism: Performed by the user, device or network
Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.)
To reduce the complexity of the hardware in the device the most promising technology is to adapt the software radio approach
bandpass filter
Low noise amplifier
Analog/digital converter
reprogrammable Baseband DSP
User
BPF
Analogue
LNA
ADC
Digital
An ideal software radio system
Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.)
Challenges in software radio technology
High number of antennas: Still It is impossible to
have just one antenna and one LNA to cover the bands of all 4G wireless networks current ADC is still two to three times slower than required
The low speed of ADCs. the speed of the fastest
First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
2. Overlay Network Architecture
A user accesses an overlay network consisting of several UAPs UAPs Functions: Select a wireless network based on availability and user choices Store IPs of user, network and devices Advantages: Simplify hardware of device Supports single billing Disadvantages: More network devices Handoff Mechanism between UAPs: Performed by overlay network rather than the user or device
4G Wireless Networks Challenges Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam across geographical boundaries of the wireless networks There are two main issues in terminal mobility:
location management handoff management
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
1. Location Management
The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection Location management involves handing all the information about
Roaming terminals such as original and current
location cells Authentication information QoS capabilities
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
2. Handoff Management
Maintain ongoing communication when the terminal roams
IP changes during handoff :
IPv6 within the same cell:
216.37.129.9,
79.23.178.229,
65.198.2.10,
192.168.5.120
home address
care-of address
mobile IP address
local network address
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
2. Handoff Management
IPv6 when the terminal roams to another cell:
216.37.129.9,
79.23.178.229,
65.198.2.10,
192.168.5.120
home address
care-of address
mobile IP address
local network address
Handoff Management (cont.)
Handoff Management Challenges
Horizontal handoff is performed when the terminal moves from one cell to another within the same wireless system. Vertical handoff is performed when the terminal moves between two different wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM) .
Challenges in Handoff Management
Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase
System load (increasing control packets) Packet losses Handover latency
Hard correct handoff time: because
measuring handoffs is done among different wireless systems
Summary
The key concept behind 4G systems is integrating their capacities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies
The IP address system used in 4G is based on the new technology IPv6. 4G networks is still in the development stage, and in
order to utilize their new features too many challenges must be overcome
References
Upkar Varshney and Radhika Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks, Georgia State Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks, Georgia State University. Available:http://www.ee.oulu.fi/~skidi/teaching/mobile_and_ubiquitous_multimedi a_2002/issues_in_emerging_4G_wireless_networks.pdf Erik Fledderus, Bingulac, Broadband Radio; a vision on 4G, KPN Research, The Netherlands. Available: http://www.brabantbreedband.nl/publications/URSIGA2002%20ER%20Fledderus.pdf
Ibrahim,Jawad 4G Features, Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal (Vol.1 No.1), Dec. 2002
Yu Hui, Suk and Kai Hau Yeung, City University of Hong Kong: Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/28028/01252799.pdf Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G
References (cont.)
Z. Theodore, Migration toward 4G Wireless Communications, IEEE Wireless Communication, June. 2004
U. Narumi, O. Toru, and M. Tatsuro Overview of Fourth-generation Mobile Communication System, NTT Technical Review (Vol.2 No.0), Sep. 2004
Questions?
