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    Name: Yusrinani Ibrahim Form: 2 Tegas 2008 Chapter: Stars and Galaxies

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    The document discusses the characteristics, structure, and phenomena of the Sun. It describes the Sun's layers including the corona, chromosphere, and photosphere. It also discusses sunspots, prominences, and solar flares observed on the Sun's surface. The document then explains how the Sun generates energy through nuclear fusion reactions in its core.

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    Name: Yusrinani Ibrahim Form: 2 Tegas 2008 Chapter: Stars and Galaxies

    Uploaded by

    yusrinani
    52 views30 pages
    The document discusses the characteristics, structure, and phenomena of the Sun. It describes the Sun's layers including the corona, chromosphere, and photosphere. It also discusses sunspots, prominences, and solar flares observed on the Sun's surface. The document then explains how the Sun generates energy through nuclear fusion reactions in its core.

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    The document discusses the characteristics, structure, and phenomena of the Sun. It describes the Sun's layers including the corona, chromosphere, and photosphere. It also discusses sunspots, prominences, and solar flares observed on the Sun's surface. The document then explains how the Sun generates energy through nuclear fusion reactions in its core.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    52 views30 pages

    Name: Yusrinani Ibrahim Form: 2 Tegas 2008 Chapter: Stars and Galaxies

    Uploaded by

    yusrinani
    The document discusses the characteristics, structure, and phenomena of the Sun. It describes the Sun's layers including the corona, chromosphere, and photosphere. It also discusses sunspots, prominences, and solar flares observed on the Sun's surface. The document then explains how the Sun generates energy through nuclear fusion reactions in its core.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    NAME : YUSRINANI IBRAHIM

    FORM : 2 TEGAS 2008

    CHAPTER : STARS AND GALAXIES


    THE SUN

     Characteristics of the Sun


     Structure of the Sun
     Phenomena on the Surface of
    the Sun
     Generation of Energy by the
    Sun
    Characteristics of the
    Sun
     A ball of glowing gases consisting of
    mainly hydrogen and helium.
     Diameter about 1,400,000 km or 100
    times of the Earth’s diameter.
     Mass about 1.99×10³ºkg or 330,000
    times of the Earth’s mass.
     Produce strong gravitational force
    which about 28 times greater than
    force produce by the Earth.
     Density about 1500 kg/m³
     Low density because its gaseous
    state.
     Surface temperature about
    6,000ºC.
     Temperature at the centre of the
    Sun reaches 15,000,000ºC.
    Structure of the Sun

     Sun’s atmosphere divided into 3


    layers :

     Corona
     Chromosphere
     Photosphere
    Structure of the Sun
    CORONA
     Outermost layer of the Sun.
     Extends hundreds of km from the
    centre of the Sun.
     Faint & only visible during total eclipse.
     Has bluish-white & pearly appearance.
     Is a hot gas boiling off the Sun.
     Streaming outwards in all directions
    into space in the form of solar wind.
     Temperature can reach 2,000,000ºC.
    CHROMOSPHERE
     Middle layer of the Sun.
     Area above the photosphere that is pink
    or red.
     Not as bright as the photosphere.
     Can be seen during an eclipse of the Sun.
     Temperature about 15,000ºC.
     Temperature much higher as it
    approaches the corona.
    PHOTOSPHERE
     The innermost layer of the Sun.
     The surface of the Sun that is normally
    seen.
     500 km thick & consists of dense gases.
     Have grainy surface caused by the
    convection of hot gases bubbling up to
    the surface.
     Temperature about 6,000ºC.
     Temperature rises higher as it gets
    nearer to the chomosphere.
    Phenomena on the
    Surface
    of the Sun
     The phenomena often change Earth’s
    weather, produce communication
    problems & create disturbances in
    transmission of radio & television.
     Observable phenomena that occur on
    the photosphere :

     Sunspots
     Prominences
     Solar flares
    Phenomena on the
    Surface
    of the Sun
    SUNSPOTS
     Dark areas on the Sun’s surface.
     Appear dark because they are cooler
    than the surrounding areas.
     Represent large eruptions of the
    photosphere that may last for more than
    1 week.
     Often exist in pairs or in groups.
     Come & go in an eleven-year cycle.
    PROMINENCES
     Throw out matter from the Sun into
    space at speeds ranging from 600
    km/s to more than 1,000 km/s.
     Others form huge loops or arching
    columns of glowing gases over
    sunspots that can reach heights of
    hundreds of thousands of km.
     May last for a few days or for a few
    months.
    SOLAR FLARES
     Violent & spectacular gas explosions.
     Often occur near sunspots.
     Made up of numerous charged gaseous
    particles.
     The charged gaseous particles often interact
    with Earth’s magnetic field producing aurora.
     Aurora in north pole = aurora borealis /
    northern lights.
     Aurora in south pole = aurora australis /
    southern lights.
    Generation of Energy
    by the Sun
     Temperature in the core of the Sun &
    intense heat causes nuclear reactions.
     In nuclear reaction, 4 hydrogen atoms
    fuse to form helium atom which called
    nuclear fusion.
     Nuclear reactions produce large
    amount of energy.
     The sun then gives it out in all
    directions as heat & light.
    STARS & GALAXIES
    IN THE UNIVERSE

     Formation and Death of


    Stars
     Galaxies
     The Milky Way
    Stars
     Defined as a ball of a very hot gases
    which produces its own heat and light.
     Classified into various types based on
    their brightness, colour, size and
    temperature.
     The brightness of a star as viewed from
    the Earth depends on:
     the size of the star.
     The distance between the star and the Earth.
     The surface temperature of the star.
    Super giants giants

    I B
    N R
    C I
    R G
    E H
    A T
    S N
    I E
    N S
    G S 20 000 15 000 10 000 6 000 3 000

    Temperature (K)
    Blue giant

    Red dwarf
    Yellow giant.
    White dwarf

    Orange giant

     The temperature of a star determines the colour of its light.


     The stars with a higher temperature have a bluish-white light.
     The stars with lower temperature glow with a red light.
     The stars with medium temperature, like a sun, have a yellow light.
    Formation and Death
    of Stars
    Nebula

    Star with mass up to 1.4 times


    that of the Sun

    Red giant

    White dwarf
    Nebula

    Star with mass of between 1.4 to 3.0 times


    that of the Sun

    Red giant

    Supergiant

    Supernova

    Neutron Star
    Nebula

    Star with mass of more than 3.0 times


    that of the Sun

    Red giant

    Supergiant

    Supernova

    Black hole
    Galaxies
     A group of stars.
     Classifies based on their shapes.
     Common types :
     Spiral (has arm spiralling outwards
    from central bulge)
     Elliptical (oval shaped)
     Irregular (no obvious shape)
    Galaxies

    Spiral galaxy Elliptical galaxy

    Irregular galaxy
    The Milky Way
     Example of a galaxy.
     Measure about 100,000 light year
    across.
     Contains more than 200 billion stars.
     The Earth & the rest of Solar System lie
    about 32,000 light years from the
    middle of the Milky Way.
    The Milky Way

    From the side From the top


    THANKFUL FOR THE
    EXISTENCE OF THE UNIVERSE
    AS A
    GIFT FROM GOD
     Importance of the Sun & the
    Moon to Life on Earth
     The Expanse of the Universe
    Importance of the Sun &
    the Moon to Life on Earth

     Main source of energy for the Earth.


     Light energy from the Sun is used for
    making food in plants.
     Heat from the Sun warms the Earth.
     Without sunlight the water cycle will be
    broken.
     The moon’s gravity causes tidal
    changes.
    The Expanse of the
    Universe
     The universe is a collection of all
    matter, energy & space that exists.
     There are no actual facts about how the
    Universe began or how it will end.
     Based on Big Bang Theory, about 12 to
    15 billion years ago, it began with an
    enormous explosion.
     All that exists in the Universe not
    permanent but changes with time.
    T
    h
    e

    e
    n
    d

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