Management Information System

Ghulam Yasin Hajvery University Lahore

Micro computer
Microcomputers are most important category of computer system for business and home users. Microcomputer comes in variety of sizes and shapes. specifications are mentioned in figure 3.5, consult that figure for further detail.

Corporate PC criteria
Solid performance at reasonable prices. Operating system ready Connectivity Security equipped Workstation Network server

computer terminal
Computer terminal is any device that allows access to a computer. Dumb terminal
Are keyboard which limits processing capabilities are now being replaced with intelligent terminals which are now networks pcs

Network terminal
Which may be windows terminal that depend on newtok servers for windows software, processing power, and storage or Internet terminal which depends o the Internet for their operting system and applicaion software.

computer terminal
Transaction terminal
Intelligent terminals take many forms and can perform data entry and some information processing task independently. These tasks include the wide spread use of transactions terminals in banks, retails store. Eg ATM, factory production records, POS. These terminals use keypads, touch screen, bar code scanners for input to capture data or interact with user during transactions.

Network computers
Network computers are microcomputers designed for corporate intranet. NCs are low-cost with low storage capacity that are actually kinked to the network. Main attraction for these computer is lower TCO(Total Cost of Ownership), which means total cost of purchasing, installing, operating and maintenance is low.

Midrange system
Mid range system are primarily high-end network servers that can handle the large-scale processing of many business applications. Midrange computers first become popular as minicomputer for scientific research, instrumentation system, engineering analysis and industrial process monitoring and control system.

Mainframe computer
Mainframe computer are large, fast and powerful computer system. Mainframe can process thousands of MIPS. Mainframe can also large primary storage capacities. Mainframe handle the information processing needs of major corporation and govt. agencies. Mainframe are going to use in oil exploration, simulation etc.

Super computer
Supercomputer falls in category of extremely powerful computer specially designed for scientific, engineering and extremely high speed computation. Super computer use parallel processing.(superscalar and pipeline) Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) Distributed shared memory (DSM)

superscalar
A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called instruction level parallelism within a single processor. It therefore allows faster CPU throughput than would otherwise be possible at a given clock rate. A superscalar processor executes more than one instruction during a clock cycle by simultaneously dispatching multiple instructions to redundant functional units on the processor. Each functional unit is not a separate CPU core but an execution resource within a single CPU such as anarithmetic logic unit, a bit shifter, or a multiplier.

superscalar

pipeline
In computers, a pipeline is the continuous and somewhat overlapped movement of instruction to the processor or in the arithmetic steps taken by the processor to perform an instruction Pipelining is the use of a pipeline. Without a pipeline, a computer processor gets the first instruction from memory, performs the operation it calls for, and then goes to get the next instruction from memory, and so forth. While fetching (getting) the instruction, the arithmetic part of the processor is idle. It must wait until it gets the next instruction. With pipelining, the computer architecture allows the next instructions to be fetched while the processor is performing arithmetic operations, holding them in a buffer close to the processor until each instruction operation can be performed. The staging of instruction fetching is continuous. The result is an increase in the number of instructions that can be performed during a given time period.

pipeline

Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

In computing, symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) involves a multiprocessor computer hardware architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single shared main memory and are controlled by a single OS instance. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP . Architecture. MP has many uses in science, industry, and business which often use custom-programmed software for multithreaded (multitasked) processing multi-core chips are becoming more common in new computers, and the balance between installed uni- and multi-core computers may change in the coming years.

Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

Distributed shared memory (DSM)

Distributed Shared Memory (DSM), in Computer Architecture is a form of memory architecture where the (physically separate) memories can be addressed as one (logically shared) address space. Here, the term shared does not mean that there is a single centralized memory but shared essentially means that the address space is shared (same physical address on two processors refers to the same location in memory. Software DSM systems can be implemented in an operating system, or as a programming library. Software DSM systems implemented in the operating system can be thought of as extensions of the underlying virtual memory architecture.

Distributed shared memory (DSM)

Next wave computing

Distributed computing Grid computing

Distributed computing
Distributed computing is distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program, and distributed programming is the process of writing such programs

Distributed computing
A type of computing in which different components and objects comprising anapplication can be located on different computers connected to a network. So, for example, a word processing application might consist of an editor component on one computer, a spell-checker object on a second computer, and a thesaurus on a third computer. In some distributed computing systems, each of the three computers could even be running a different operating system.

Distributed computing

Grid computing
Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal, to solve a single task.

A scientist studying proteins logs into a computer and uses an entire network of computers to analyze data. A businessman accesses his company's network through a PDA in order to forecast the future of a particular stock. An Army official accesses and coordinates computer resources on three different military networks to formulate a battle strategy. All of these scenarios have one thing in common: They rely on a concept called grid computing.

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Why do we need Grids?

Many large-scale problems cannot be solved by a single computer Globally distributed data and resources

Grid Architecture

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Autonomous, globally distributed computers/clusters

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Some Grid Applications

Distributed supercomputing High-throughput computing On-demand computing Data-intensive computing Collaborative computing

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Distributed Supercomputing
Idea: aggregate computational resources to tackle problems that cannot be solved by a single system Examples: climate modeling, computational chemistry Challenges include:
Scheduling scarce and expensive resources Scalability of protocols and algorithms Maintaining high levels of performance across heterogeneous systems

Computer System Concept

Computer is a system, interrelated combination of components that performs the basic tasks of input, processing, output, storage and control thus providing end users with a powerful information processing tool. Speed of computer is measured in millisecond(thousandth of second), microsecond(millionth of second), nanosecond(billionth of second) and picoseconds(trillionth of second). Speed can also measured in MHz or millions of cycles per second , GHz or billions of cycles per second. Interface
CLI GUI

PC functions
Input
Input devices convert data into electronic form.

Processing
CPU, Register, Cache, ALU.

Out put
Out put devices convert electronic information to human-intelligent form for presentation to end users.

Storage
Primary storage device, secondary storage device.

Control
Control unit.

Computer peripheral
Peripheral is the generic name given to all input, output, and secondary storage devices that are part of computer system. Online devices
These devices are separate from but can be electronically y connected to and controlled by the CPU. (RAM, Cache etc)

Offline devices
These devices are separate from the CPU and are not directorially controlled by CPU.

Pointing devices
Trackball
Stationary device

Pointing stick
Small-button device, is in the centered one row above of space bar on laptop.

Touch pad
Small rectangular touch sensitive place

Touch screen
Allows you to use a computer by touching the surface.

Pen-based computing
Technology used by many hand held devices.

Speech recognition system

SRS is gaining popularity in the corporate world among no typist, people with disabilities, business travelers and most frequently dictation etc. Discrete speech recognition Continuous speech recognition

Optical scanning
Optical scanning devices read text or graphics and convert into digital input for computer. Optical character recognition
OCR scanners can read the characters and codes on merchandise tags, product labels, credit card receipts, utility bills, insurance premium etc.

Magnetic stripe
Magnetic stripe technology is use to data entry that helps computers read credit cards. The coating of the magnetic stripe on the back of such cards can hold about 200 bytes of information. Smart cards
Bar codes that embed a microcomputer chip and several kilobytes of memory into debit, credit, and other cards used in Europe and USA.

MICR
Magnetic ink character recognition is being used by banking industry which magnetically y read checks and deposits slips using MICR. computer can sort and post check to proper accounts.

Printed output
Ink-jet printer Dot matrix printer Laser printer Plotter Computer storage
Computer storage fundamentals (Units)

Direct and Sequential Access

Direct Access
Storage media is semiconductor memory chip Can directly access the data Most common example is RAM

Sequential Access
Storage media is magnetic tape Can sequentially access data Most common example is Hard Disk.

Types of Magnetic Disks

Floppy disks
Capacity of 1.44 megabytes or 750MB

Hard disk drives

Platters Track Sectors (80) 512 Bytes/sectors*80= 40960

RAID
Redundant arrays of independent disks RAID combines from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives and their control microprocessors into a single small unit. RAID provides fault-tolerant capacity. SAN are high-speed fiber channel networks that can interconnect many RAID units. GFS uses this mechanism.

Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape is still being used as secondary storage medium in business applications. Read/write head Tape reels and cartridges Magnetic tape can hold more than 200 MB data. Used for backup Cheap storage medium

Optical Disks
Optical disk technology has become necessity. Most software, entertainment games, audio and video files are distributed using optical disk technology. CD (Compact Disk) CD-R (Compact Disk recordable) CD-RW (Compact Disk re-writable) DVD (digital video disk or digital versatile disk)

RFID
Radio frequency identification. A system for tagging and identifying mobile objects. RFID reader. RFID chip.