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INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
CONTENT
What is an algorithm?
Why do we need algorithm?
Characteristics of algorithm
Characteristics of algorithm in
java
How to design an algorithm
How to analyze an algorithm
Types of algorithm
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
What is an Algorithm?
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or a set of
instructions designed to solve a specific problem or
perform a particular task. In computer science,
algorithms are essential for developing efficient and
effective software solutions.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Why Do We Need Algorithms?
1.Problem Solving: Algorithms provide a systematic approach to solving
problems. They break down complex tasks into smaller, manageable steps,
making problem-solving more organized and easier.
2. Efficiency: Well-designed algorithms can significantly improve the
efficiency of a program. They help in optimizing resource usage and
reducing execution time, which is crucial for large-scale applications and
computationally intensive tasks.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Why Do We Need Algorithms?
3. Reusability: Algorithms can be applied to various scenarios and data,
allowing code reusability and reducing the need to write similar logic
multiple times.
4. Standardization: Algorithms provide a standard way to solve specific
problems, promoting consistency and ensuring that different programmers can
approach the same problem with similar techniques.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Characteristics of an Algorithm:
1. Input:
An algorithm should have zero or more inputs. These inputs are the data on
which the algorithm operates.
2. Output:
An algorithm should produce at least one output. The output is the result of
the algorithm's processing on the given inputs.
3. Definiteness:
Each step in the algorithm should be precisely defined and unambiguous, leaving
no room for interpretation. This ensures that the algorithm's behavior is well-
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Characteristics of an Algorithm:
4. Finiteness:
An algorithm must eventually terminate after a finite number of steps. It
should not run indefinitely or go into an infinite loop.
5. Effectiveness:
The steps in the algorithm should be basic and simple enough that they can
be executed using basic operations or actions.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Characteristics of an Algorithm:
6. Correctness:
The algorithm should produce the correct output for all valid inputs and
should solve the problem it was designed to address.
7. Determinism:
The algorithm's steps should be deterministic, meaning that given the same
input and conditions, it will always produce the same output.
8. Feasibility:
The algorithm should be practical and feasible to implement, considering the
available resources and computational power.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Characteristics of an Algorithm In Java:
1. Syntax:
The algorithm should be expressed using the syntax and constructs of the
Java programming language.
2. Data Structures:
Java provides various data structures like arrays, lists, maps, etc., that
can be used to represent data and support algorithmic operations.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Characteristics of an Algorithm In Java:
3. Object-Oriented:
Java is an object-oriented language, and algorithms can be designed using
object-oriented principles like encapsulation, inheritance, and
polymorphism.
4. Standard Library: Java's standard library offers a wide range of utility
classes and functions, which can be leveraged to simplify algorithm
implementation and improve code readability.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
How to design an Algorithm :
1. Understand the Problem:
Begin by thoroughly understanding the problem you need to solve. Identify
the inputs, desired outputs, and any constraints or special conditions.
2. Break Down the Problem:
Divide the problem into smaller sub-problems or steps. This process is
called decomposition and helps make the problem more manageable.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
How to design an Algorithm :
3. Choose a Suitable Data Structure:
Select the appropriate data structure to store and manipulate the data
efficiently. Common data structures in Java include arrays, lists, sets,
maps, and trees.
4. Design the Algorithm:
Start designing the step-by-step procedure to solve the problem. Use
pseudocode or flowcharts to outline the logic without worrying about the
specific syntax of the programming language.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
How to design an Algorithm :
5. Implement the Algorithm:
Translate the algorithm into Java code using the correct syntax, data
structures, and control structures like loops and conditionals.
6. Test and Debug:
Test the algorithm with various inputs, including edge cases, to ensure
it produces the correct output. Debug and refine the code as needed.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
How to analyze Algorithm :
Algorithm analysis involves evaluating the efficiency and performance of an
algorithm. The primary aspects of algorithm analysis include:
1.Time Complexity: Measure how the algorithm's running time increases with
the size of the input data. Common notations used are Big O notation (e.g.,
O(n), O(n^2)).
2.Space Complexity: Evaluate the amount of memory space required by the
algorithm as a function of the input size.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
How to analyze Algorithm :
3.Best, Average, and Worst Cases: Analyze the algorithm's performance in
different scenarios, such as best-case (minimum time required), average-case
(expected time), and worst-case (maximum time required).
4.Asymptotic Analysis: Focus on the growth rate of the algorithm's time and
space requirements as the input size becomes very large. This helps identify
the most significant factors affecting the algorithm's performance.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Types of Algorithms :
1. Sorting Algorithms:
Algorithms to arrange elements in a specific order, like Bubble Sort,
Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort, etc.
2. Searching Algorithms:
Algorithms to find a particular element in a data structure, like Linear
Search, Binary Search, etc.
3. Graph Algorithms:
Algorithms to solve problems related to graphs, like Depth-First Search
(DFS), Breadth-First Search (BFS), Dijkstra's Algorithm, etc.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Types of Algorithms :
4. Dynamic Programming Algorithms:
Techniques to solve complex problems by breaking them down into overlapping
sub-problems, like Fibonacci sequence, Knapsack problem, etc.
5. Greedy Algorithms:
Algorithms that make locally optimal choices at each step, aiming to find a
global optimum, like Huffman Coding, Kruskal's algorithm, etc.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
Types of Algorithms :
6. Backtracking Algorithms:
Algorithms that explore all possible solutions through a recursive trial-
and-error approach, like N-Queens problem, Sudoku solver, etc.
7. Divide and Conquer Algorithms:
Techniques that break a problem into smaller sub-problems, solve them
independently, and combine their results to get the final solution, like
Merge Sort, Quick Sort, etc.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
1. What is the significance of algorithms in problem-solving?
Algorithms provide structured approaches to solving problems
efficiently and consistently, ensuring reliable results.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
2. How would you define the characteristics of an algorithm?
An algorithm must have finiteness, definiteness, input, output,
effectiveness, and generality.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
3. Can you explain the steps involved in designing an algorithm?
Algorithm design includes understanding the problem, planning,
specifying, verifying, and implementing the solution.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
4. Why is algorithm analysis important?
Algorithm analysis helps determine the efficiency of an
algorithm in terms of time and space complexity.
INTRODUCTION TO
ALGORITHMS
5. Differentiate between time complexity and space complexity.
Time complexity measures how an algorithm's execution time
increases with input size, while space complexity measures its
memory requirements.
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