Object Oriented Programming

(CSE 2202)
Chapter One and Two
Part-II
Control Statements,
Arrays and Strings

1
Objectives

At the end of this session students will be able to

learn:

 Overview of Java statements

 If-else statements

 Switch statement

 For loop

 while and do-while loops

2
 Control Flow Statements
 Control flow statements govern the flow of control
in a program during execution, that is, the order in
which statements are executed in a running
program.
 There are three main categories of control flow
statements :
 Selection statements: if, if-else and switch.
 Iteration statements: while, do-while and for.
 Transfer statements: break, continue, return, try-
catch and finally.

3
 If Statement:-This is a control statement to
execute a single statement or a block of code, when
the given condition is true and if it is false then it
skips if block and rest code of program will execute.

Syntax:

if(conditional_expression){
<statements>;
...;
...;
}

4
import java.util.*;
public class Demoif
{
public static void main(String k[ ]){
Scanner t=new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println("pls enetr the integer
value");
int x = t.nextInt();
char grade ;
if(x>= 85){
grade = 'A';
}
if(x >= 70 && x < 85){
grade = 'B';
}
System.out.println("x = " + x + " and grade =
"+ grade);
}
}
5
 If-else Statement:-The "if-else" statement is an
extension of if statement that provides another
option when 'if' statement evaluates to "false" i.e.
else block is executed if "if" statement is false.

Syntax:
if(conditional_expression)
{
<statements>;
...;
}
else
{
<statements>;
....;
}
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 Example:
int n = 11;
if(n%2 = = 0)
{
System.out.println("This is even number");
}
else
{
System.out.println("This is not even number");
}

7
 Switch Statement:-This is an easier implementation
to the if-else statements.
 The keyword "switch" is followed by an expression
that should evaluate to byte, short, char or int
primitive data types only.
 In a switch block there can be one or more labeled
cases.
 The expression that creates labels for the case must
be unique.
 Syntax:
switch(control_expression) {
case expression 1:
<statement>;
break;
case expression 2:
<statement>;
break;
...
default:
<statement>; 8
 int day = 2;
switch (day) { case 7:
case 1: System.out.println("Sunday")
System.out.println("Monday"); break;
break; default:
case 2: System.out.println("Invalid e
System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
break; }
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thrusday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;

9
Iteration statements: while, do-while
and for
 The process of repeatedly executing a block of
statements is known as looping.
 In looping, sequence of statements are executed
until some certain condition for the termination of
loop is satisfied.
 Java provides three types of loops

I. for loop
II. while loop
III. do..while loop

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 while loop- is a control structure that allows you to
repeat a task a certain number of times.
The syntax for a while loop is:

initialization;
while (test condition)
{
Body of loop;
}
int x = 1;
while(x <= 5)
{
System.out.println(x);
x++;
}
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 do/while- loop is similar to a while loop,
except that a do/while loop is guaranteed to
execute at least one time.

The syntax of a do/while loop is:
do
{
Body of loop;
}while( text condition);

int y = 1;
do
{
System.out.println(y);
y += 1;
}while(y <= 8);
12
 for loop- is a repetition control structure that allows
you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a
specific number of times.

The syntax of a for loop is:
for(initialization; test condition;
increment/decrement)
{
Body of loop;
}
eg.-
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
}

13
 Jumping Statements
 break :-the break keyword can be used in
any of the loop control structures to cause
the loop to terminate immediately.
 When a break occurs, the flow of control will
jump to the next statement past the loop.
public class Break1{
public static void main(String H[]) {
int k = 1;
while(k <= 10)
{
System.out.println(k);
if(k == 6)
{
break;
}
k++;
}
System.out.println(“The final value of k is “ + k);
} 14
 Continue- keyword can be used in any of the loop
control structures.
 It causes the loop to immediately jump to the next
iteration of the loop means causes the early
iteration of a loop.

In a for loop, the continue keyword causes flow
of control to immediately jump to the
update(increment/decrement) statement.

In a while loop or do/while loop, flow of control
immediately jumps to the boolean expression.

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public class Continue1{
public static void main(String [] args){
System.out.println(“The for loop”);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if(i % 2 == 0) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
System.out.println(“The while loop”);
int j = 20;
do {
if(j % 3 != 0) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(j);
}while(j-- > 0);
} } 16
Arrays
 An array is a group of contiguous or related data items
that share a common name.
 is a container object that holds a fixed number of
values of a single type.
 Unlike C++, in Java arrays are created dynamically.
 An array can hold only one type of data!
Example:
int[] can hold only integers
char[] can hold only characters
 A particular values in an array is indicated by writing a

number called index number or subscript in brackets

after the array name.
Example:
slaray[10] represents salary of the 10th
employee.
17
Contd…
 The length of an array is established when the
array is created. After creation, its length is fixed.
 Each item in an array is called an element, and
each element is accessed by its numerical index.

Array indexing starts from 0 and ends at n-1,

where n is the size of the array.

index values

primes[0] primes[1] primes[2] primes[3] primes[4] primes[9]

18
One-Dimensional Arrays
 A list of items can be given one variable name
using only one subscript and such a variable is
called a single-subscripted variable or a one-
dimensional array.
Creating an Array
 Like any other variables, arrays must be declared
and created in the computer memory before they
are used.
 Array creation involves three steps:
1. Declare an array Variable
2. Create Memory Locations
3. Put values into the memory locations.

19
Declaration of Arrays
 Arrays in java can be declared in two ways:
i. type arrayname [ ];
ii. type[ ]arrayname;
Example:
int number[];
float slaray[];
float[] marks;
 when creating an array, each element of the array
receives a default value zero (for numeric
types) ,false for boolean and null for references
(any non primitive types).

20
 Creation of Arrays
 After declaring an array, we need to create it in
the memory.
 Because an array is an object, you create it by
using the new keyword as follows:
arrayname =new type[ size];
Example:
int []number;
float marks[];
number=new int[5];
float marks=new float[7];
 It is also possible to combine the above to steps ,
declaration and creation, into on statement as
follows:
type arrayname =new type[ size]; 21
 Initialization of Arrays
 Each element of an array needs to be
assigned a value; this process is known as
initialization.
 Initialization of an array is done using the array
subscripts as follows:
 arrayname [subscript] = Value;
Example:
number [0]=23;
number[2]=40;
 Unlike C, java protects arrays from overruns and
underruns.
 Trying to access an array beyond its boundaries
22
will generate an error.
 Contd…
 Java generates an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException when there is
under run or over run.
 The Java interpreter checks array indices to ensure
that they are valid during execution.
 Arrays can also be initialized automatically in the
same way as the ordinary variables when they are
declared, as shown below:
type arrayname [] = {list of Values};
Example:
int number[]= {35,40,23,67,49}; 23
Contd…
 It is also possible to assign an array object to
another array object.
Example:
int array1[]= {35,40,23,67,49};
int array2[];
array2= array1;

Array Length
 In Java, all arrays store the allocated size in a
variable named length.
 We can access the length of the array array1using
array1.length. Example:
int size = array1.length;

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//sorting of a list of Numbers
class Sorting if (num[i] < num [j])
{
{
public static void
main(String [ ]args) //Interchange Values
{ int temp = num[i];
int num[ ]= {55, 40, 80, num [i] = num [j];
12, 65, 77};
int size = num.length; num [j] = temp;
System.out.print(“Given }
List: “); }
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
}
{
System.out.print(" " + System.out.print("SORTED
num[ i ] ); LIST" );
} for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
System.out.print("\n"); {
//Sorting Begins System.out.print(" " " + num
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) [i]);
{
}
for (int j=i+1; j<size;
j++) System.out.println(" ");
{ } 25
Two-Dimensional Arrays
 A 2-dimensional array can be thought of as a grid
(or matrix) of values.
 Each element of the 2-D array is accessed by
providing two indexes: a row index and a column
index
 A 2-D array is actually just an array of arrays.
 A multidimensional array with the same number of
columns in every row can be created with an array
creation expression:
Example:
int myarray[][]= new int [3][4]; 26
Contd…
 Like the one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional
arrays may be initialized by following their
declaration with a list of initial values enclosed in
braces. For example,

int myarray[2][3]= {0,0,0,1,1,1};

or
int myarray[][]= {{0,0,0},{1,1,1}};
 We can refer to a value stored in a two-
dimensional array by using indexes for both the
column and row of the corresponding element. For
27
Contd…
//Application of two-dimensional Array
class MulTable{
final static int ROWS=12;
final static int COLUMNS=12;
public static void main(String [ ]args) {
int pro [ ] [ ]= new int [ROWS][COLUMNS];
int i=0,j=0;
System.out.print("MULTIPLICATION TABLE");
System.out.println(" ");
for (i=1; i<=ROWS; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=COLUMNS; j++)
{
pro [i][j]= i * j;
System.out.print(" "+ pro [i][j]);
}
System.out.println(" " );
}}}

28
 Strings
 Strings represent a sequence of characters.
 The easiest way to represent a sequence of
characters in Java is by using a character:
char ch[ ]= new char[4];
ch[0] = ‘D’;
ch[1] = ‘a’;
ch[2] = ‘t;
ch[3] = ‘a;
 This is equivalent to String ch=“Hello”;
 Character arrays have the advantage of being
able to query their length.
 But they are not good enough to support the range
of operations we may like to perform on strings.
29
Contd…
 In Java, strings are declared and created as
follows:
String stringName;
stringName= new String(“String”);

Example:
String firstName;
firstName = new String(“Jhon”);
 The above two statements can be combined as
follows:
String firstName= new String(“Jhon”);
30
String Arrays
 It is possible to create and use arrays that contain
strings as follows:
String arrayname[] = new String[size];

Example:
String item[]= new String[3];
item[0]= “Orange”;
item[1]= “Banana”;
item[2]= “Apple”;
 It is also possible to assign a string array object to
another string array object.
31
String Methods
1. The length(); method returns the length of the
string.
Eg: System.out.println(“Hello”.length()); // prints 5
 The + operator is used to concatenate two or more
strings.
Eg: String myname = “Harry”
String str = “My name is” + myname+ “.”;
2. The charAt(); method returns the character at
the specified index.
Syntax : public char charAt(int index)
Ex: char ch;
ch = “abc”.charAt(1); // ch = “b” 32
Contd…
3. The equals(); method returns ‘true’ if two strings
are equal.
Syntax : public boolean equals(Object anObject)
Ex: String str1=“Hello”,str2=“hello”;
(str1.equals(str2))? System.out.println(“Equal”); :
System.out.println(“Not Equal”); // prints Not Equal

4. The equalsIgnoreCase(); method returns ‘true’

if two strings are equal, ignoring case
consideration.
Syntax : public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String
str)
Ex: String str1=“Hello”,str2=“hello”;
if (str1.equalsIgnoreCase(str2)) 33
Contd…
5. The toLowerCase(); method converts all of the
characters in a String to lower case.
Syntax : public String toLowerCase( );
Ex: String str1=“HELLO THERE”;
System.out.println(str1.toLowerCase()); // prints hello
there
6. The toUpperCase(); method converts all of the
characters in a String to upper case.
Syntax : : public String toUpperCase( );
Ex: System.out.println(“wel-come”.toUpperCase()); // prints
WEL-COME
7. The trim(); method removes white spaces at the
beginning and end of a string.
Syntax : public String trim( );
Ex: System.out.println(“ wel-come ”.trim()); //prints 34
Contd…
8. The replace(); method replaces all appearances of
a given character with another character.
Syntax : public String replace( ‘ch1’, ’ch2’);
Ex: String str1=“Hello”;
System.out.println(str1.replace(‘l’, ‘m’)); // prints Hemmo
9. compareTo(); method Compares two strings
lexicographically.
 The result is a negative integer if the first String is less
than the second string.
 It returns a positive integer if the first String is greater
than the second string. Otherwise the result is zero.
Syntax : public int compareTo(String
anotherString);
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str);
Ex: (“hello”.compareTo(“Hello”)==0) ? 35
Contd…
10.The concat(); method concatenates the specified
string to the end of this string.
Syntax : public String concat(String str)
Ex: System.out.println("to".concat("get").concat("her“)); //
returns together
11.comparetTo(); method Compares two strings
lexicographically.
 The result is a negative integer if the first String is less
than the second string.
 It returns a positive integer if the first String is greater
than the second string. Otherwise the result is zero.
Syntax : public int compareTo(String
anotherString);
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str);
Ex: (“hello”.compareTo(“Hello”)==0) ?
36
System.out.println(“Equla”); :
Contd…
12.The substring(); method creates a substring
starting from the specified index (n th character) until
the end of the string or until the specified end
index.
Syntax : public String substring(int beginIndex);
public String substring(int beginIndex,
int endIndex);
Ex: "smiles".substring(2); //returns "ile“
"smiles".substring(1, 5); //returns "mile“
13.The startsWith(); Tests if this string starts with the
specified prefix.
Syntax: public boolean startsWith(String prefix);
Ex: “Figure”.startsWith(“Fig”); // returns true
14.The indexOf(); method returns the position of the
first occurrence of a character in a string either 37
Contd…
 public int indexOf(int ch); Returns the index of the
first occurrence of the character within this string
starting from the first position.
 public int indexOf(String str); - Returns the index of
the first occurrence of the specified substring
within this string.
 public int indexOf(char ch, int n); - Returns the
index of the first occurrence of the character
within this string starting from the nth position.
Ex: String str = “How was your day
today?”;
str.indexOf(‘t’); // prints 17
str.indexOf(‘y’, 17); // prints 21
str.indexOf(“was”); // Prints 4
str.indexOf("day",10)); //Prints 13 38
Contd…
15.The lastIndexOf(); method Searches for the last
occurrence of a character or substring.
The methods are similar to indexOf() method.
16.valueOf(); creates a string object if the parameter or
converts the parameter value to string representation if the
parameter is a variable.
Syntax: public String valueOf(variable);
public String valueOf(variable);
Ex: char x[]={'H','e', 'l', 'l','o'};
System.out.println(String.valueOf(x));//prints
Hello
System.out.println(String.valueOf(48.958)); //
prints 48.958
17.endsWith(); Tests if this string ends with the specified
suffix.
Syntax: public boolean endsWith(String 39
Thank
Thank You
You ...
...

40