Computer Systems
Topic 1: Module Introduction
© NCC Education Limited
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.2
The Unit Roadmap
List of topics covered in this unit:
• Computer systems hardware.
• Operating systems.
• Numbers and logic.
• Computer programs.
• Computer systems software.
• Digital logic.
• Embedded systems.
• Computer networks.
• Advanced topics.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.3
Module delivery – Practical work &
private
•
study
Practical work:
During practical sessions you will work with relevant
computer equipment and software.
May also involve some demonstrations by lecturers and/or
presentations by students.
The work covered in lab sessions will be assessed in your
coursework assignment.
• Private study:
There will be additional work that you do on your own
Completing and writing up work started in labs
Researching topics covered in previous lectures
Preparing for future classes
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.4
Module delivery - Assignments
Exam: 40% of your final grade
Coursework: 60% of your final grade
Practical work to be completed in laboratory sessions
Written-up as lab reports
Details of the tasks and what to put in the reports are
covered on each lab sheet
There are deadlines that you will be required to conform to
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.5
This topic will cover:
• A historical perspective of computers
• Introduction to computer systems
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.6
Brief history of computer
-the first computer appear in World War II
-urgent need for military calculation and decoding
secret message
-Colossus
-ENIAC
-they are not stored program
-fed data and instructions are given by punch card or
tape
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.7
-World first stored program computer - Manchester Baby -
1948
-magnetic tape and harddisk appear - program are stored
-magnetic core memory is used as RAM
-1940 - 1970 - computer become more powerful
-more memory and storage
-can store more program and can run faster
-used only for military, large corporation, universities, then
small organization
-still not for private and home used
-still need large physical space, large specialized clean
room
-still expensive to own
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.8
-in 1970 - development of miniaturizing components
and getting cost down
-as a result of integrated circuit - IC - small electronic
components
-start of personal computing - PC - small enough to
place on desk
-Commodore, Apple, Acorn Computers
-not powerful as their larger cousin
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.9
-in 1981 - IBM PC appear
-with it own operating system - called DOS - disk operating
system
-can't make multi-task
-in 1990 - laptop PC appear - offer portability and decreased
size
-expensive than desktop
-computer become mobility and enhanced netbook and PDA
-continue to smartphone, tablet
-offer high performance, low cost, communication on-the-go
-the power of computer rely on processing speed of CPU
-the speed has been doubling every two years
-increased in speed is achieved by IC - more and more dense
- GHz
-today processing power rely on more core - more than one
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.10
http://www.computinghistory.org.uk
/det/6013/the-manchester-baby-the-world-s-first-stored-program-computer-ran-its
-first-program
https://www.tnmoc.org/colossus
http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-timeline.pl
https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc25/pc25_birth.html
http://watson.latech.edu/book/future/futureMoores1.html )
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.11
What is computer system
- a combination of hardware and software
that work together to process information
and perform tasks, including input,
processing, storage, and output.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.12
What is efficiency
the ability to perform tasks with minimal
resource consumption, like time, space, and
energy. It's about achieving the desired
outcome using the least amount of effort or
resources.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.13
What is speed
- how quickly it can process information and
complete tasks.
- measured by the speed of the CPU, also
known as the clock speed or processor
speed.
- A higher clock speed means the CPU can
execute more instructions per second,
resulting in faster overall system
performance - measured in gigahertz (GHz),
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.14
What is memory access time
- the time it takes to retrieve data from
memory.
- the duration between when a CPU requests
data from memory and when that data is
available to be used.
- This time can vary significantly depending
on the type of memory and the system's
architecture
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.15
Designer goal
the designers’ goal is to achieve high efficiency
in their designs.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.16
Why company spend big dollar to develop
to gain efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance
competitiveness.
These systems enable automation, improve
accuracy, and streamline operations,
ultimately leading to better business
outcomes. Additionally, companies use
these systems to enable digital
transformation, which involves using AI,
automation, and real-time analytics to meet
changing market demands
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.17
What is automation
• automation is the use of technology to
perform tasks automatically, reducing
human intervention and often increasing
efficiency and productivity.
• This can involve automating repetitive
processes, managing data, or controlling
machinery, among other applications.
• Eg: self-driving vehicle, smart lighting,
smart thermostat, voice command,
microwave oven, toaster, automatic door,
RPA,
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.18
What to look for when buying computer
- prioritize the processor (CPU), RAM, storage
type (SSD vs. HDD), and graphics card
(GPU) for performance and specific tasks.
- Consider the operating system, screen
quality, and build quality, especially if you're
buying a laptop.
- Factor in your budget and desired use case
to make the best choice.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.19
Objective of this unit
To understand buzzword of computer system
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.20
CPU
- Clock speed
- Number of cores
- i5, i7, i9
GPU
- Integrated graphic – directly on
motherboard
- Dedicated graphic – gamer, creative work
Display
- resolution
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.21
OS
- Window
- macOS
- Linux
Other
- Port (HDMI, USB, etc…)
- Battery life
- Build quality
- Durability
- user reviews
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.22
What is screen quality
- refers to the clarity, sharpness, and overall visual
integrity of displayed on the screen.
- determined by the screen's resolution, which is the
number of pixels it can display horizontally and
vertically.
- A higher resolution means more pixels, leading to a
sharper and more detailed image.
- Pixel Density (PPI): pixels per inch - Higher PPI
leads to sharper images
Refresh Rate: how many times per second the
screen updates. Higher refresh rates (measured in
Hertz) can reduce motion blur and improve the
smoothness of animations, especially important for
gaming.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.23
Common Resolution Standards:
Full HD (1920 x 1080): A widely used standard -
offering good clarity and detail.
QHD (2560 x 1440): known as 2K, providing more
detail than Full HD, used in gaming monitors.
4K UHD (3840 x 2160): more detail than Full HD
and QHD, used in high-end monitors and TVs.
8K UHD (7680 x 4320): The highest resolution
currently available - offering four times the detail of
4K.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.24
What is build quality
• refers to the level of durability, robustness, and
overall construction of a device, including the
components and materials used in its design.
• Premium materials like aluminum, magnesium
alloy, or carbon fiber are generally more durable
than plastic.
• Some manufacturers undergo rigorous testing, like
military-grade testing, to ensure their devices meet
specific standards for durability, dustproof, and
waterproof features.
• Ergonomics: A well-built device not only looks
good but also feels good to use, with a comfortable
keyboard and trackpad.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.25
Build quality
Longevity:
A well-built device is more likely to last longer and
withstand normal wear and tear, potentially reducing
the need for frequent repairs or replacements.
(normal wear and tear - refers to the expected
gradual deterioration of a property due to its regular
use and age - even with care and regular
maintenance)
User Experience:
well-designed device can enhance the overall user
experience by providing a sense of security and
confidence.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.26
Computer structure
A computer's structure and functions directly
influence its performance and how programs
are designed. The core components (CPU,
memory, storage, input/output) and their
organization affect processing speed,
memory access, and overall system
responsiveness. Programmers need to
understand these aspects to optimize code
and hardware compatibility.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.27
Key Structural Components
CPU (Central Processing Unit):
brain of the computer, responsible for executing
instructions and performing calculations. Its speed (clock
speed), core count, and cache size impact processing
speed.
Memory (RAM):
Short-term storage for actively used data and
instructions. RAM capacity, speed, and latency affect how
quickly programs can load and execute data.
Storage (Hard Disk/SSD):
Long-term storage for programs and data. Storage type
(HDD vs. SSD) and speed (access time) influence program
load times and overall system responsiveness.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.28
Input/Output (I/O):
Devices for interacting with the user (keyboard, mouse)
and communicating with external devices (printer,
network). I/O speed and bandwidth can impact program
responsiveness when interacting with external devices
Bus System:
A communication pathway between components (CPU,
memory, I/O). Bus bandwidth and architecture affect data
transfer rates between components.
Code Optimization:
Optimizing code to minimize instructions, reduce memory
access, and leverage CPU features can improve program
speed and efficiency.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.29
What is hardware compatibility
- the ability of different computer
components and peripherals to work
together seamlessly and reliably.
- This includes factors like form factors,
power requirements, supported connections,
and the ability of the operating system to
recognize and drive the hardware.
- Incompatible hardware can lead to
performance issues, system crashes, and
data loss.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.30
Key Aspects of Hardware Compatibility
- Interoperability:
Hardware components need to communicate and interact
effectively with each other.
- Operating System Support:
The operating system must have the necessary drivers to
recognize and control the hardware.
- No Conflicts:
Incompatible hardware can lead to conflicts that prevent
systems from working properly.
- Optimal Performance:
Compatible hardware allows systems to run at their full
potential, avoiding performance bottlenecks.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.31
Examples of Compatibility Issues:
RAM:
If you buy RAM that is not compatible with your
motherboard's supported speed, it may not work at all or
may cause system instability.
Graphics Cards:
A graphics card might not work in a system that does not
have a compatible PCI-e slot or enough power.
Operating System:
An older operating system might not recognize a new
hardware component, requiring operating system
upgrades.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.32
Ram speed
Mother board speed
Compatibility PCI slot
Enough power
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.33
What are the 10 functions of a computer?
• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Control
• Communication
• Security
• Multitasking
• Networking
• Automation
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.34
computer system design,
infrastructure development,
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.35
- how high-level language programs are
translated and executed, performance issues
- understanding of other areas of computer
science, such as operating systems, compilers,
and networks
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.36
By the end of this unit students will be able to:
- main types and components of computer systems.
- Describe the structure and role of modern operating systems
- Understand the essential structure of computer programs.
- Explain the hierarchy of computer software.
- Identify alternative computer systems.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.37
system software + application software
embedded system + IoT
general purpose computer + special purpose
computer
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.38
Introduction – the three views of computer systems
Hardware Engineer’s view
Software Engineer’s view
User’s view
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.39
Hardware engineer’s view
Is concerned with logic gates, counters, adders, shift registers,
bus widths, instruction sets, clock cycles, logic levels as voltage
levels, timings, state transitions, etc.
ROM Comms RAM
16 bits
24 bits BUS 8 bits
CPU I/O
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.40
Hardware engineer’s view
For example: timing sequences
Consider the handling of data input/output by a digital latch.
CS
Data in
WE
t0 t1 t2
WE t0: Make the latch active
t1: Present data at input
Data in Latch Data out t2: Write data to output,
data latched
WE: Write Enable, CS: Chip Select
CS
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.41
Hardware engineer’s view
For example: state transition diagrams
State transition analysis is a tool that hardware engineers use in
order to define a system's states and the conditions under which
the state transitions occur.
Circles are the
send data states, and the
ready
switch on arrows are the
actions for
switch transitions from
busy one state to
off off data sent
another state.
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.42
Software engineer’s view
Is concerned with programming programmable input, output,
register files, memory mapped registers, interrupts, addressing
modes, etc. Software usually written in assembler and high-level
languages.
Interrupt Control Logic Bus
Control Register
UART
RS232 serial IO Status Register
controller
Data Register
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.43
Software engineer’s view
For example: programming device
controllers
To transmit serial data (e.g. to a serial printer) or receive serial
data (e.g. from a modem), the software needs to access the
serial controller's registers as shown below. The registers are
'memory mapped', so the software simply writes to or reads
from defined register>
write <control memory areas. write <control register>
(op: xmit, speed: 9600 bps) (op: rcv, speed: 9600 bps)
read <status register> read <status register>
check <data buffer full status> check <data buffer empty status>
while <data buffer full> do wait while <data buffer empty> do
wait
write <data to data register>
read <data register>
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.44
User’s view
Is concerned with peripheral devices, cables, user interfaces,
applications, configuration of operating systems, installation of
software or new hardware, networking, ease-of-use, etc.
Input User Interface
Devices
App App App Backing
Storage
Output Operating System
Devices
CPU Memory Computer
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.45
Discussion Session
What are your expectations from this unit?
What computing job would you like to do as a career?
Although early to tell, nevertheless, do you feel
studying this unit will help you in your future job?
Module Introduction Topic 1 - 1.46
References
• Computer engineering - Wikipedia: A good
reference describing different aspects of computer
systems engineering including software
engineering and other related branches. It also
provides links to related sites.
• https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi/computing-
timeline.pl
: A timeline of ‘computing’ going back several
centuries which provides interesting read. It
includes information on personalities connected to
computers and key dates in their lives.
Topic 1 – Module Introduction
Any Questions?
