Lecture
1
Introduction to Soft
Computing
By:
Dr. Aya Hossam
CONTENT
Concept of Computation.
What is Soft Computing?
Soft Computing Tools
Importance
Future of Soft Computing
Hard Computing Vs Soft Computing
INTRODUCTION
More complex systems arising in biology, medicine, the
humanities, management sciences.
Similar fields often remained intractable to conventional
mathematical and analytical methods
Soft computing deals with imprecision, uncertainty, partial
truth, and approximation to achieve tractability, robustness
and low solution cost.
CONCEPT OF COMPUTATION
y= f(x) is a mapping function.
F is also called a formal method or an algorithm to
a problem.
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTING
Should provide precise solution.
Control action should be unambiguous and accurate.
Suitable for problem, which is easy to model mathematically.
WHAT IS SOFT COMPUTING?
It consists of distinct concepts and techniques which aim
to overcome the difficulties encountered in real world
problems.
These problems result from the fact that our world
seems to be imprecise, uncertain and difficult to
categorize.
SOFT COMPUTING DEFINITION:
THE TOOLS FOR SOFT COMPUTING
Neural networks
Machine Learning
Fuzzy logic models.
Genetic algorithms
Probabilistic Reasoning
HOW SOFT COMPUTING
WORK?
How a student learns from his teacher?
--Teacher asks questions and tell the answers then.
--Teacher puts questions and hints answers and asks
whether the
answers are correct or not.
--Student thus learn a topic and store in his memory.
--Based on the knowledge he solves new problems.
--This is the way how human brain works.
Based on this concept Artificial Neural Network is used to
solve problems.
HOW SOFT COMPUTING
WORK?
How a doctor treats his patent?
• Doctor asks the patent about sufering.
• Doctor fnd the symptoms of diseases.
• Doctor prescribed tests and medicines.
This is exactly the way Fuzzy Logic works.
• Symptoms are correlated with diseases with
uncertainty .
• Doctor prescribes tests/medicines fuzzily.
HOW SOFT COMPUTING
WORK?
How world selects the best?
•It starts with a population (random).
• Reproduces another population (next generation).
• Rank the population and selects the superior
individuals.
Genetic algorithm is based on this natural phenomena.
• Population is synonymous to solutions.
• Selection of superior solution is synonymous to
exploring the
optimal solution.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT
COMPUTING
It does not require any mathematical modeling of problem
solving.
It may not yield the precise solution.
Algorithms are adaptive (i.e., it can adjust to the change of
dynamic environment).
Use some biological inspired methodologies such as genetics,
evolution, Ant’s behaviors, particles swarming, human
nervous system, etc.).
HARD COMPUTING VS
SOFT COMPUTING
Hard computing based on binary logic, crisp systems, numerical
analysis and crisp software.
Soft computing based on fuzzy logic, neural nets and
probabilistic reasoning.
Hard computing requires programs to be written.
Soft computing can evolve its own programs.
EXAMPLES OF HARD COMPUTING
Solving numerical problems (e.g., roots of polynomials,
integration, etc.).
Searching and sorting techniques.
Solving computational geometry problems (e.g., shortest tour
in a graph, finding closet pair of points given a set of points,
etc.).
many more…
EXAMPLES OF SOFT COMPUTING
EXAMPLES OF SOFT COMPUTING
