PYTHON

LECTURE 15
 Today’s Agenda

• eval( ) Function , Command Line

Arguments and Various print( )
Options

• Using the eval( ) Function

• Using Command Line Arguments

• Using format specifiers in Python

• Using the function format( )

 Using The Function eval( )

 Python has a very interesting function called eval(

).

 This function accepts any valid Python

expression and executes it
 Using The Function eval( )

 Syntax:
 eval(expression)

 The argument passed to eval() must follow below

mentioned rules:

 It must be given in the form of string

 It should be a valid Python code or expression

 Examples

• Example: • Example:
x
x = eval(’2+3’)
= eval(‘2+3*6
print(x) ’)
print(x)
• Output:
5

• Output:
20
 Examples

• Example: • Example:
x=eval('print(15)
eval(‘print(15)’)
')
print(x)

• Output: • Output:
15 15
None
 Examples

• Example: • Example:
from math
x=eval('print()')
import sqrt
print(x) x
= eval(‘sqrt(4
)’)
• Output: print(x)

None • Output:
2.0
 Using eval( ) For
Type Conversion

 Another important use of eval( ) function is to perform type

conversion .

 The eval( ) function interprets the argument inside

character string and coverts it automatically to it’s type.
Same Example
Example: Without eval( ):
x = eval(‘2.5’) x = ‘2.5’
print(x) print(x)
print(type(x)) print(type(x))
Output:
2.5
Output:
<class ‘str’>
2.5
<class ‘float’>
 Using eval( ) With input( )

 We can use eval( ) with input( ) function to

perform automatic type conversion of values.

 In this way , we will not have to use type

conversion functions like int() , float( ) or bool ()
 Example

Code:
age = eval(input("Enter your age "))
age=age+10
print("After 10 years , you will be ",age, "years
old")

Output:
 Guess The Output

• Example:
a=eval(input("Type something:"))
print(a)
print(type(a))

Suppose user types 25

• Output:
 Guess The Output

• Example:
a=eval(input("Type something:"))
print(a)
print(type(a))

• Suppose user types 3.6

• Output:
 Guess The Output

• Example:
a=eval(input("Type something:"))
print(a)
print(type(a))

• Suppose user types [10,20,30]

• Output:
 Guess The Output

• Example:
a=eval(input("Type something:"))
print(a)
print(type(a))

• Suppose user types Hello

• Output:
 Guess The Output

• Example:
a=eval(input("Type something:"))
print(a)
print(type(a))

• Suppose user types “Hello”

• Output:
 Command Line Arguments

 Command Line Arguments are the values , we

can pass while executing our Python code from
command prompt
These are called
 Syntax: commad line
 python prog_name <values> arguments

 For example:
 python demo.py 10 20 30

heir main benefit is that they are another mechanism to

ovide input to our program
 Where Are
Command Line Arguments Stored ?

 Command Line Arguments are stored by Python

in a special predefined variable called argv

 Following are important features of argv:

 This variable itself is stored in a module called sys

 So to use it , we must import sys module in our program

 The variable argv is actually a list

 The name of the program is passed as the first

argument which is stored at the 0th index in argv
 Example

Code (suppose name of prog is

cmdarg.py):
from sys import argv
print(argv)
print(type(argv))
Suppose we run it as python cmdarg.py 10 20
30
Output:
 Accessing Individual Values

 argv is a List type object

 Lists are index based

 They always start from 0th index

 So if we want to access individual elements of argv

then we can use the subscript operator passing it
the index number
 Accessing Individual Values

Code:
from sys import argv
print(argv[0])
print(argv[1])
print(argv[2])

Suppose we run it as python cmdarg.py 10 20

Output:
 Guess The Output
If we try to
Code: access argv
from sys import argv beyond it’s last
index then
print(argv[0]) Python will
print(argv[1]) throw
IndexError
print(argv[2]) exception

Execution: python cmdarg.py

Output:
cmdarg.py
IndexError: list index out of range
 Obtaining Number
Of Arguments Passed

 The built in function len( ) can be used to get the

number of arguments passed from command
prompt

Code:
from sys import argv
n=len(argv)
print("You have passed",n-1,"arguments")
Output:
 Using Slicing Operator

 A List in Python is also a sequence type like a

string

 So , it also supports slicing i.e. we can use the

slicing operator [ : ] , to retrieve the
list values from any index.

 For example , if we don’t want the program name

then we can use the slicing operator passing it the
index number 1 as start index
 Example

Code (suppose name of prog is cmdarg.py):

from sys import argv
print(argv[1:])

Execution: python cmdarg.py 10 20 30

Output:
 Guess The Output

Code (suppose name of prog is cmdarg.py):

from sys import argv
print(argv[1:])

Execution: python cmdarg.py

Output:
[]
 Guess The Output

Code: addnos.py
from sys import argv
print(“First num is“,argv[1])
print(“Sec num is“,argv[2])
print(“Their sum is”,argv[1]+argv[2])

Execution: python addnos.py 15 20

By default ,
Output: Python treats all
the command line
First num is 15 arguments as
Sec num is 20 string values

Their sum is 1520

 How To Solve This ?

 To solve the previous problem , we will have to type

convert string values to int.

 This can be done by using int( ) or eval( ) function

 Example

Code:
from sys import argv
a=eval(argv[1])
b=eval(argv[2])
print("Nos are",a,"and",b)
print("Their sum is",a+b)
 Guess The Output

Code:
from sys import argv
print(“Hello”,argv[1])

Execution: python cmdarg.py Sachin Kapoor

For Python Sachin

Output: and Kapoor are 2
separate
Hello Sachin arguments , so
argv[1] receives
Sachin and argv[2]
receives Kapoor
 Guess The Output

If we want to pass Sachin Kapoor as a single

argument then we
must enclose it in double quotes
Code:
from sys import argv
print(“Hello”,argv[1])

Execution: python cmdarg.py “Sachin Kapoor”

Output:
Hello Sachin Kapoor
 Guess The Output

Code:
from sys import argv
print(“Hello”,argv[1])

Execution: python cmdarg.py ‘Sachin Kapoor’

On command
Output: prompt only
Hello ‘Sachin double quoted
strings are
treated as
single value.
 Using Format Specifiers
With print()

 Just like C language Python also allows us to use

format specifiers with variables.

 The format specifiers supported by Python are:

 %d: Used for int values

 %i: Used for int values
 %f: Used for float values
 %s: Used for string value
 %c: Used for single char
 Using Format Specifiers
With print()

 Syntax:
 print(“format specifier” %(variable list))

Example:
a=10
print(“value of a is %d “ %(a))

Output:
If a single
value of a is 10 variable is there
then parentesis
can be dropped
 Using Format Specifiers
With print()

Example:
a=10
msg=“Welcome”
c=1.5
print(“values are %d , %s,%f“ %(a,msg,c))

Output: Number of
Values are 10, Welcome, 1.500000 format
specifiers
must exactly
match with
the number of
vlaues in the
parenthesis
 Key Points About Format Specifiers

 The number of format specifiers and number of

variables must always match

 We should use the specified format specifier to

display a particular value.

 For example we cannot use %d for strings

 However we can use %s with non string values

also , like boolean
 Examples

a=10
print(“%s” %a)
 Output:
10

a=10
print(“%f” %a)
 Output:
10.000000
 Examples

a=10.6 a=10.6
print(“%f” %a) print(“%d” %a)
 Output: Output:
10
10.600000

a=10.6 a=10.6
print(“%.2f” %a) print(“%s” %a)
 Output:
Output:
10.6
10.60
 Examples

a=True a=True
print(“%s” %a) print(“%f” %a)
 Output: Output:
1.000000
True

a=True
print(“%d” %a)
 Output:
1
 Examples

a=“Bhopal” a=“Bhopal”
print(“%s” %a) print(“%f” %a)
 Output: Output:
TypeError
Bhopal

a=“Bhopal”
print(“%d” %a)
 Output:
TypeError: number required , not str
 Examples

a=“Bhopal” x=65
print(“%c” %a[0]) print(“%c” %x)
 Output: Output:
A
B

x=65.0
a=“Bhopal”
print(“%c” %x)
print(“%c” %a[0:2]) Output:
 Output:
TypeError:
TypeError: %c requires int or char
%c requires int or char
 Using The Function format()

 Python 3 introduced a new way to do string

formatting by providing a method called format( )
in string object

 This “new style” string formatting gets rid of the %

operator and makes the syntax for string
formatting more regular.
 Using The Method format()

 Syntax:
 print(“string with { }”.format(values))

 Example
 name=“Sachin”
 age=36
 print(“My name is {0} and my age is
{1}”.format(name,age))
 Output:
 My name is Sachin and my age is 36
 Examples

name=“Sachin”
age=36
print(“My name is {1} and my age is
{0}”.format(age,name))

 Output:
My name is Sachin and my age is 36