Course Title:
Fundamental Calculus
Lecture # Functions
Course Teacher:
Mahtab Uddin
Assistant Professor (Mathematics)
Institute of Natural Sciences
United International University
Functions, Domain and Range
• Definition of function
• Vertical Line Test
• Piecewise-Defined functions
• Domain and Range of functions
• Absolute value function
• Even and Odd functions
• One-One and Onto functions
• Inverse functions
• Composite function
# What is Function?
Almost anything can view as a function.
The value of ‘f’
or (more specifically)
The Image of x under ‘f’
e.g. f(x) = x + 2 f(1) =3, f(2)=4
# Is it only an Equation?
Function is most general thing than an equation.
1 f(−3)= −1,
x2 ; x2
2
f x x 6 ; 2 x 3 f(0)= −6,
x6 ; x 3
f(10)= 4
Representation of Function:
function
y = f(x)
dependent Input/ independent variable /
Variable of ‘f’ Argument of ‘f’
Definition of Function:
If a variable ‘x‘ in such way that each value of x
determines or gives exactly one value of ‘x’ , then
we say that “y is a function of x”. We can write
function as y = f(x).
if x is real, then f is called real
valued function.
y = f(x)
if x is complex, then f is called
complex valued function.
Vertical Line Test:
this curve cannot be
a graph of a function.
Definition: Piecewise defined function
A Piecewise function is a function that is defined on a sequence
of intervals. breakpoints
(─∞, 0)
[0, 1]
(0, +∞)
Domain and Range of a Function:
set of all allowable inputs
is called Domain; Df
y = f(x)
set of all outputs is called Range; Rf
Definition of Domain and Range:
Let y = f (x) is a function, then the set of all allowable inputs ( x- values)
is called the ‘Domain of f ’, and the set of all outputs ( y- values) that
result when x- varies over domain is called the ‘Range of f ’. Generally,
domain of f (x) denoted by Df and range of f (x) denoted by Rf
Example: f(x) = x+1 Domain, Df = ℝ or, {x: x ∈ ℝ }
Range, Rf = ℝ or, {y: y ∈ ℝ }
# Sketch the graph and find domain & range of the function f(x) = 1+
x2
Solution:
Here function y = f (x) is defined for every x ∈ ℝ .
∴ Domain of f, Df = ℝ
For every x ∈ ℝ , the minimum value of the
function is 1 and maximum value is ‘infinity’.
So, range of f, Rf = [1, ∞) ▄
# Sketch the graph and find the domain
and range of the function f x x
Solution:
The function y = f (x) is defined for every
value of x if − x ≥ 0, ⇒ x ≤ 0 .
∴ Domain, Df = (− ∞, 0]
For every x ∈ (− ∞, 0), we get y ≥ 0.
∴ Range, Rf = [0, ∞) ▄
# Sketch and find the domain and range of the function
3 x ; x 1
F x
2x ; x 1
Solution:
Here the function y = F(x) is defined for x ≥ 1 and x < 1.
∴ Domain, DF = (− ∞, 1] ∪ (1, ∞)
= (− ∞, ∞)
For every x ∈ (− ∞, ∞), the minimum
value of y is 2 and maximum
value is ‘infinity’.
∴ Range, RF= [2, ∞) ▄
Absolute Value Function:
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS:
Fig: Even Function Fig: Odd Function
ONE-ONE (INJECTIVE) and ONTO (SURJECTIVE) FUNCTIONs
Definition (one-one):
A function y = f (x) is said to be one-one if and only if every input has
distinct image, i.e. if f (x1) ≠ f (x2) whenever x1 ≠ x2 .
Definition (onto):
For any onto function, y = f (x), all the elements in output set should have an
input in the input set, i.e. f is defined form A to B said to be onto if it satisfies
f (A) = B.
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Domain of f −1 = Range of f
Range of f −1 = Domain of f
f - ─1
y x 2 1; x 0 y f ( x)
x 2 y 1 x g ( y ) f 1 ( x)
# Find a formula for the inverse of f x 3 x 2 with x as the
independent variable, and state the domain of f ─1.
Solution: Given
Then we solve this equation for x as a function of y: f x 3 x 2
y f x 3 x 2
y 2 3 x 2
1 2
x ( y 2)
3
1
f 1 x ( x 2 2)
3
We know that the domain of f ─1 is the range of f.
Therefore the domain of f ─1 is [0, +∞)
# Find domain and range of the following function
x 1
f x
x 1
Solution:
Here the function y = f(x) is defined if x−1≠0 ⇒ x≠1
∴ Domain, Df = {x : x ≠ 1} =(− ∞, 1) ∪ (1, +∞) = ℝ − {1}
Now,
x 1 y 1
y f x xy y x 1 x( y 1) y 1 x
x 1 y 1
1 y 1
f ( x) x
y 1
The function f −1(x) is defined if y −1≠ 0 i.e. y ≠ 1.
∴ Domain of f −1(x) = (− ∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) = Range of f (x) . ▄
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS:
#
NOTE:
(─ ∞, + ∞) [0, + ∞)
Domain is [0, + ∞) not (─ ∞, + ∞)
