Operating Systems

Unit-I
Introduction to
Operating Systems
 Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating
An OperatingSystems
System can be defined as
an interface between user and
hardware. It is responsible for the
execution of all the processes, Resource
Allocation, CPU management, File
Management and many other tasks.
The purpose of an operating system is to
provide an environment in which a user
can execute programs in convenient and
efficient manner.
 Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating
In the Computer Systems
System (comprises of Hardware
and software), Hardware can only understand
machine code (in the form of 0 and 1) which
doesn't make any sense to a naive user.
We need a system which can act as an
intermediary and manage all the processes and
resources present in the system.
 Operating Systems
Structure of a Computer System
A Computer System consists:
• Users (people who are using the computer)
• Application Programs (Compilers, Databases, Games,
Video player, Browsers, etc.)
• System Programs (Shells, Editors, Compilers, etc.)
• Operating System ( A special program which acts as an
interface between user and hardware )
• Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, etc)
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
There are several types of Operating Systems which are
mentioned below.
• Batch Operating System
• Multi-Programming System
• Multi-Processing System
• Multi-Tasking Operating System
• Time-Sharing Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Real-Time Operating System
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
1. Batch Operating System
This type of operating system does not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar
jobs having the same requirements and groups them into
batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs
with similar needs. Batch Operating System is designed to
manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by
processing them in groups.
Batch Operating System
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
1. Batch Operating System
This type of operating system does not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar
jobs having the same requirements and groups them into
batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs
with similar needs. Batch Operating System is designed to
manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by
processing them in groups.
Batch Operating System
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
Advantages of Batch Operating System
• Multiple users can share the batch systems.
• The idle time for the batch system is very less.
• It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System
• Batch systems are hard to debug.
• It is sometimes costly.
• The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any
job fails.
• In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is
commonly difficult to accurately predict while they are in the
queue.
• It is difficult to accurately predict the exact time required for
a job to complete while it is in the queue.

• Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems,

 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
2. Multi-Programming Operating System
Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated
as more than one program is present in the main memory and
any one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically used
for better utilization of resources.

• Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
It helps in reducing the response time.
• Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating
System
There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources
with the system.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
3. Multi-Processing Operating System
Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating
System in which more than one CPU is used for the execution of
resources. It betters the throughput of the System.

• Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

It increases the throughput of the system.
As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can
proceed with another processor.
• Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow
difficult to understand.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
4. Multi-Tasking Operating System
Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming
Operating System with having facility of a Round-Robin
Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs
simultaneously.

There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed

below.
Preemptive Multi-Tasking
Cooperative Multi-Tasking

• Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-
Tasking Operating System.
It comes with proper memory management.
• Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks
work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use
a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking
Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users
also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next
task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
• Each task gets an equal opportunity.
• Fewer chances of duplication of software.
• CPU idle time can be reduced.
• Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users
to share hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and
peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing
efficiency.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
• Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work
concurrently, thereby reducing the waiting time for their turn
to use the computer. This increased productivity translates to
more work getting done in less time.
• Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an
interactive environment that allows users to communicate
with the computer in real time, providing a better user
experience than batch processing.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS
• Reliability problem.
• One must have to take care of the security and integrity of
user programs and data.
• Data communication problem.
• High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher
overhead than other operating systems due to the need for
scheduling, context switching, and other overheads that
come with supporting multiple users.
• Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require
advanced software to manage multiple users simultaneously.
This complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors.
• Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the
risk of security breaches increases. Time-sharing systems
require careful management of user access, authentication,
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation
• IBM VM/CMS : IBM VM/CMS is a time-sharing operating
system that was first introduced in 1972. It is still in use
today, providing a virtual machine environment that allows
multiple users to run their own instances of operating
systems and applications.
• TSO (Time Sharing Option) : TSO is a time-sharing
operating system that was first introduced in the 1960s by
IBM for the IBM System/360 mainframe computer. It allowed
multiple users to access the same computer simultaneously,
running their own applications.
• Windows Terminal Services : Windows Terminal Services
is a time-sharing operating system that allows multiple users
to access a Windows server remotely. Users can run their
own applications and access shared resources, such as
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
6. Distributed Operating System
These types of operating system is a recent advancement in
the world of computer technology and are being widely
accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great pace.
Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate
with each other using a shared communication network.
Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
These are referred to as
loosely coupled systems or distributed systems . These
systems’ processors differ in size and function. The major
benefit of working with these types of the operating system is
that it is always possible that one user can access the files or
software which are not actually present on his system but some
other system connected within this network i.e., remote access
is enabled within the devices connected in that network.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
6. Distributed Operating System
Advantages of Distributed Operating System
• Failure of one will not affect the other network
communication, as all systems are independent of each
other.
• Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
• Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast
and durable.
• Load on host computer reduces.
• These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be
easily added to the network.
• Delay in data processing reduces.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
6. Distributed Operating System
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System
• Failure of the main network will stop the entire
communication.
• To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-
defined yet.
• These types of systems are not readily available as they are
very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is
highly complex and not understood well yet.
Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS,
etc.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
6. Distributed Operating System
Issues With Distributed Operating Systems
• Networking causes delays in the transfer of data between
nodes of a distributed system. Such delays may lead to an
inconsistent view of data located in different nodes, and make
it difficult to know the chronological order in which events
occurred in the system.
• Control functions like scheduling, resource allocation, and
deadlock detection have to be performed in several nodes to
achieve computation speedup and provide reliable operation
when computers or networking components fail.
• Messages exchanged by processes present in different nodes
may travel over public networks and pass through computer
systems that are not controlled by the distributed operating
system. An intruder may exploit this feature to tamper with
messages, or create fake messages to fool the authentication
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
7. Network Operating System
These systems run on a server and provide the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. These types of operating systems allow
shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network. One more
important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the
users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other
users within the network, their individual connections, etc. and
that’s why these computers are popularly known as
tightly coupled systems .
Advantages of Network Operating System
• Highly stable centralized servers.
• Security concerns are handled through servers.
• New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily
integrated into the system.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
7. Network Operating System
Disadvantages of Network Operating System
• Servers are costly.
• User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
• Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft

Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX,
Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD, etc.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
8. Real-Time Operating System
These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time
interval is called response time. Real-time systems are used
when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile
systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.

Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

• Hard Real-Time Systems: Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for
applications where time constraints are very strict and even
the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems
are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags
which are required to be readily available in case of an
accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
• Soft Real-Time Systems: These OSs are for applications
where time-constraint is less strict.
 Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
8. Real-Time Operating System
Advantages of RTOS
• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices
and systems, thus more output from all the resources.
• Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these
systems is very less. For example, in older systems, it takes
about 10 microseconds in shifting from one task to another,
and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and
less importance on applications that are in the queue.
• Real-time operating system in the embedded
system: Since the size of programs is small, RTOS can also
be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
• Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in
these types of systems.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Generations
Generation of Operating System

Below are four generations of operating systems.

The First Generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation

1. The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s)

In 1940, an operating system was not included in the creation of
the first electrical computer. Early computer users had complete
control over the device and wrote programs in pure
machine language for every task. During the computer
generation, a programmer can merely execute and solve basic
mathematical calculations. an operating system is not needed
for these computations.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Generations
Generation of Operating System

2. The Second Generation (1955 – 1965)

GMOSIS, the first operating system (OS) was developed in the
early 1950s. For the IBM Computer, General Motors has created
the operating system. Because it gathers all related jobs into
groups or batches and then submits them to the operating
system using a punch card to finish all of them, the second-
generation operating system was built on a single-stream batch
processing system.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Generations
Generation of Operating System
3. The Third Generation (1965 – 1980)
Because it gathers all similar jobs into groups or batches and then
submits them to the second generation operating system using a
punch card to finish all jobs in a machine, the second-generation
operating system was based on a single stream
batch processing system. Control is transferred to the operating
system upon each job’s completion, whether it be routinely or
unexpectedly. The operating system cleans up after each work is
finished before reading and starting the subsequent job on a punch
card. Large, professionally operated machines known as mainframes
were introduced after that. Operating system designers were able to
create a new operating system in the late 1960s that was capable
of multiprogramming—the simultaneous execution of several tasks
in a single computer program.
In order to create operating systems that enable a CPU to be active
at all times by carrying out multiple jobs on a computer at once,
 Operating Systems
Operating System Generations
Generation of Operating System
4. The Fourth Generation (1980 – Present Day)
The fourth generation of personal computers is the result of
these PDPs. The Generation IV (1980–Present)The evolution of
the personal computer is linked to the fourth generation of
operating systems. Nonetheless, the third-generation
minicomputers and the personal computer have many
similarities. At that time, minicomputers were only slightly more
expensive than personal computers, which were highly
expensive.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Generations
Generation of Operating System
4. The Fourth Generation (1980 – Present Day)
The development of Microsoft and the Windows operating
system was a significant influence in the creation of personal
computers. In 1975, Microsoft developed the first Windows
operating system. Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the idea to
advance personal computers after releasing the Microsoft
Windows OS. As a result, the MS-DOS was released in 1981, but
users found it extremely challenging to decipher its complex
commands. Windows is now the most widely used and well-liked
operating system available. Following then, Windows released a
number of operating systems, including Windows 95, Windows
98, Windows XP, and Windows 7, the most recent operating
system. The majority of Windows users are currently running
Windows 10. Apple is another well-known operating system in
addition to Windows.
 Operating Systems
Computer System
The computer system isOrganisation
a combination of many parts such as
peripheral devices, secondary memory, CPU, etc. This can be
explained more clearly using a diagram..
 Operating Systems
Computer System
• Organisation
The I/O devices and the CPU both execute concurrently. Some
of the processes are scheduled for the CPU and at the same
time, some are undergoing input/output operations.
• There are multiple device controllers, each in charge of a
particular device such as keyboard, mouse, printer etc.
• There is buffer available for each of the devices. The input
and output data can be stored in these buffers.
• The data is moved from memory to the respective device
buffers by the CPU for I/O operations and then this data is
moved back from the buffers to memory.
• The device controllers use an interrupt to inform the CPU that
I/O operation is completed.
 Operating Systems
Computer System
Interrupt Handling Organisation
An interrupt is a necessary part of Computer System
Organisation as it is triggered by hardware and software parts
when they need immediate attention.
An interrupt can be generated by a device or a program to
inform the operating system to halt its current activities and
focus on something else. The types of interrupts are better
explained using the following diagram −
 Operating Systems
Computer System
Interrupt Handling Organisation
An interrupt is a necessary part of Computer System
Organisation as it is triggered by hardware and software parts
when they need immediate attention.
An interrupt can be generated by a device or a program to
inform the operating system to halt its current activities and
focus on something else. The types of interrupts are better
explained using the following diagram −
 Operating Systems
Computer System
Interrupt Handling Organisation

Hardware and software interrupts are two types of interrupts.

Hardware interrupts are triggered by hardware peripherals while
software interrupts are triggered by software function calls.
Hardware interrupts are of further two types. Maskable interrupts
can be ignored or disabled by the CPU while this is not possible
for non maskable interrupts.
 Operating Systems
Computer System
Interrupt Handling Organisation

Hardware and software interrupts are two types of interrupts.

Hardware interrupts are triggered by hardware peripherals while
software interrupts are triggered by software function calls.
Hardware interrupts are of further two types. Maskable interrupts
can be ignored or disabled by the CPU while this is not possible
for non maskable interrupts.
 Operating Systems
Computer Architecture VS
Computer Organization
Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Computer Architecture is concerned with the way Computer Organization is concerned with the structure
hardware components are connected together to form and behaviour of a computer system as seen by the
a computer system. user.

It acts as the interface between hardware and It deals with the components of a connection in a
software. system.

Computer Architecture helps us to understand the Computer Organization tells us how exactly all the
functionalities of a system. units in the system are arranged and interconnected.

A programmer can view architecture in terms of Whereas Organization expresses the realization of
instructions, addressing modes and registers. architecture.

While designing a computer system architecture is An organization is done on the basis of architecture.
considered first.

Computer Architecture deals with high-level design Computer Organization deals with low-level design
issues. issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction sets, Organization involves Physical Components (Circuit
Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization) design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals)
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Design Goals:
Design goals are the objectives of the operating system. They
must be met to fulfill design requirements and they can be used
to evaluate the design. These goals may not always be technical,
but they often have a direct impact on how users perceive their
experience with an operating system. While designers need to
identify all design goals and prioritize them, they also need to
ensure that these goals are compatible with each other as well
as compatible with user expectations or expert advice.
Designers also need to identify all possible ways in which their
designs could conflict with other parts of their systems—and
then prioritize those potential conflicts based on cost-benefit
analysis (CBA). This process allows for better decision-making
about what features make sense for inclusion into final products
versus those which would require extensive rework later down
the road. It’s also important to note that CBA is not just about
financial costs; it can also include other factors like user
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Design Goals:
The process of identifying design goals,
conflicts, and priorities is often referred to as
“goal-driven design.” The goal of this approach
is to ensure that each design decision is made
with the best interest of users and other
stakeholders in mind.
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Mechanisms and Policies:
An operating system is a set of software
components that manage a computer’s
resources and provide overall system
management.
Mechanisms and policies are the two main
components of an operating system.
Mechanisms handle low-level functions such
as scheduling, memory management, and
interrupt handling; policies handle higher-
level functions such as resource management,
security, and reliability. A well-designed OS
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Mechanisms and Policies:
Mechanisms should ensure that applications
have access to appropriate hardware resources
(seats). They should also make sure that
applications don’t interfere with each other’s
use of these resources (for example through
mutual exclusion).
Policies determine how processes will interact
with one another when they’re running
simultaneously on multiple CPUs within a single
machine instance – what processor affinity
should occur during multitasking operations?
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Implementation:
Implementation is the process of writing source
code in a high-level programming language,
compiling it into object code, and then
interpreting (executing) this object code by
means of an interpreter. The purpose of an
operating system is to provide services to users
while they run applications on their computers.
The main function of an operating system is to
control the execution of programs. It also
provides services such as memory management,
interrupt handling, and file system access
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Implementation:
An operating system is a program or software
that controls the computer’s hardware and
resources. It acts as an intermediary between
applications, users, and the computer’s
hardware. It manages the activities of all
programs running on a computer without any
user intervention.
The operating system performs many functions
such as managing the computer’s memory,
enforcing security policies, and controlling
peripheral devices. It also provides a user
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Implementation:
The operating system is typically stored in ROM or
flash memory so it can be run when the computer is
turned on. The first operating systems were designed
to control mainframe computers. They were very
large and complex, consisting of millions of lines of
code and requiring several people to develop them.
 Operating Systems
Design and Implementation in
Operating System
Implementation:
Today, operating systems are much smaller and
easier to use. They have been designed to be
modular so they can be customized by users or
developers.
There are many different types of operating systems:
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like Microsoft
Windows and Mac OS.
Command line interfaces like Linux or UNIX
Real-time operating systems that control
industrial and scientific equipment
Embedded operating systems are designed to run
 Operating Systems
Operating System Operations

Operating System Operations

Operating system operations refer to the tasks and
processes that an operating system performs to
manage hardware resources and provide a platform
for software applications to run on. These operations
include managing memory, controlling input and
output devices, handling user input, providing a user
interface, managing security, and facilitating
software application communication with hardware
devices.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Operations

Operating System Operations

File Management:
A file is a named collection of related data that is
stored on a storage device such as a hard disk or
flash drive. The operating system provides a file
system that manages the creation, deletion, and
manipulation of files. It provides a way for
applications to access and modify the data stored in
files.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Operations

Operating System Operations

Device Management:
A device in an operating system refers to any
physical or virtual component that is used to interact
with the system. The operating system provides
device drivers, which are software components that
enable the system to communicate with different
devices and manage their input/output operations.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Operations

Operating System Operations

Memory Management:
The operating system manages the allocation of
memory to running processes and ensures that they
do not interfere with each other’s memory usage.
Memory is typically divided into two types: physical
memory RAM and virtual memory, which uses hard
disk space to simulate additional RAM.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Operations
Operating System Operations
Process Management: A process has its own
memory space, CPU time, and other system
resources allocated to it by the operating system. The
operating system schedules process on the CPU
manages their memory usage and provides inter-
process communication mechanisms that allow
processes to communicate and synchronize with each
other.
 Operating Systems
System Protection in
Operating System
System protection in an operating system refers to
the mechanisms implemented by the operating
system to ensure the security and integrity of the
system. System protection involves various
techniques to prevent unauthorized access, misuse,
or modification of the operating system and its
resources.
There are several ways in which an operating system
can provide system protection:
 Operating Systems
System Protection in
Operating System
System protection:
• User authentication: The operating system
requires users to authenticate themselves before
accessing the system. Usernames and passwords
are commonly used for this purpose.
• Access control: The operating system uses
access control lists (ACLs) to determine which
users or processes have permission to access
specific resources or perform specific actions.
• Encryption: The operating system can use
encryption to protect sensitive data and prevent
unauthorized access.
 Operating Systems
System Protection in
Operating System
• Firewall: A firewall is a software program that
monitors and controls incoming and outgoing
network traffic based on predefined security rules.
• Antivirus software: Antivirus software is used to
protect the system from viruses, malware, and
other malicious software.
• System updates and patches: The operating
system must be kept up-to-date with the latest
security patches and updates to prevent known
vulnerabilities from being exploited.
By implementing these protection mechanisms, the
operating system can prevent unauthorized access to
 Operating Systems
System Protection in
Operating System
Need for Protection:
• To prevent the access of unauthorized users
• To ensure that each active programs or processes
in the system uses resources only as the stated
policy
• To improve reliability by detecting latent errors
 Operating Systems
System Protection in
Operating System
Advantages of system protection in an
operating system:
1. Ensures the security and integrity of the system
2. Prevents unauthorized access, misuse, or
modification of the operating system and its
resources
3. Protects sensitive data
4. Provides a secure environment for users and
applications
5. Prevents malware and other security threats from
infecting the system
6. Allows for safe sharing of resources and data
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services

Operating System Services:

An operating system is software that acts as an
intermediary between the user and computer
hardware. It is a program with the help of which we
are able to run various applications. It is the one
program that is running all the time. Every computer
must have an operating system to smoothly execute
other programs.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services

Operating System Services:

Program Execution
It is the Operating System that manages how a
program is going to be executed. It loads the
program into the memory after which it is executed.
The order in which they are executed depends on the
CPU Scheduling Algorithms. A few are FCFS, SJF, etc.
When the program is in execution, the Operating
System also handles deadlock i.e. no two processes
come for execution at the same time. The Operating
System is responsible for the smooth execution of
both user and system programs. The Operating
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services

Operating System Services:

Input Output Operations
Operating System manages the input-output
operations and establishes communication between
the user and device drivers. Device drivers are
software that is associated with hardware that is
being managed by the OS so that the sync between
the devices works properly. It also provides access to
input-output devices to a program when needed.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services

Operating System Services:

Communication Between Processes
The Operating system manages the communication
between processes. Communication between
processes includes data transfer among them. If the
processes are not on the same computer but
connected through a computer network, then also
their communication is managed by the Operating
System itself.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services

Operating System Services:

File Management
The operating system helps in managing files also. If
a program needs access to a file, it is the operating
system that grants access. These permissions include
read-only, read-write, etc. It also provides a platform
for the user to create, and delete files. The Operating
System is responsible for making decisions regarding
the storage of all types of data or files, i.e, floppy disk
/hard disk/pen drive, etc. The Operating System
decides how the data should be manipulated and
stored.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services

Operating System Services:

Memory Management
Let’s understand memory management by OS in
simple way. Imagine a cricket team with limited
number of player . The team manager (OS) decide
whether the upcoming player will be in playing
11 ,playing 15 or will not be included in team , based
on his performance . In the same way, OS first check
whether the upcoming program fulfil all requirement
to get memory space or not ,if all things good, it
checks how much memory space will be sufficient for
program and then load the program into memory at
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services

Operating System Services:

Process Management
Let’s understand the process management in unique
way. Imagine, our kitchen stove as the (CPU) where
all cooking(execution) is really happen and chef as
the (OS) who uses kitchen-stove(CPU) to cook
different dishes(program). The chef(OS) has to cook
different dishes(programs) so he ensure that any
particular dish(program) does not take long
time(unnecessary time) and all dishes(programs)
gets a chance to cooked(execution) .The chef(OS)
basically scheduled time for all dishes(programs) to
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services
Operating System Services:
Security and Privacy
• Security : OS keep our computer safe from an
unauthorized user by adding security layer to it.
Basically, Security is nothing but just a layer of
protection which protect computer from bad guys
like viruses and hackers. OS provide us defenses
like firewalls and anti-virus software and ensure
good safety of computer and personal information.
• Privacy : OS give us facility to keep our essential
information hidden like having a lock on our door,
where only you can enter and other are not allowed
. Basically , it respect our secrets and provide us
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services
Operating System Services:
Resource Management
System resources are shared between various
processes. It is the Operating system that manages
resource sharing. It also manages the CPU time
among processes using CPU Scheduling Algorithms. It
also helps in the memory management of the
system. It also controls input-output devices. The OS
also ensures the proper use of all the resources
available by deciding which resource to be used by
whom.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services
Operating System Services:
Resource Management
User Interface
User interface is essential and all operating systems
provide it. Users either interacts with the operating
system through the command-line interface or
graphical user interface or GUI. The command
interpreter executes the next user-specified
command.
A GUI offers the user a mouse-based window and
menu system as an interface.
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services
Operating System Services:
• Networking
This service enables communication between devices
on a network, such as connecting to the internet,
sending and receiving data packets, and managing
network connections.
• Error Handling
The Operating System also handles the error
occurring in the CPU, in Input-Output devices, etc. It
also ensures that an error does not occur frequently
and fixes the errors. It also prevents the process from
coming to a deadlock. It also looks for any type of
error or bugs that can occur while any task. The well-
 Operating Systems
Operating System Services
Operating System Services:
Time Management
Imagine traffic light as (OS), which indicates all the
cars(programs) whether it should be
stop(red)=>(simple queue), start(yellow)=>(ready
queue),move(green)=>(under execution) and this
light (control) changes after a certain interval of time
at each side of the road(computer system) so that
the cars(program) from all side of road move
smoothly without traffic.
 Keep Learning

Yo u !
a n k
Th