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Expert System 1

An expert system is a type of artificial intelligence software that uses human knowledge to solve problems that normally require human expertise. It consists of a knowledge base containing rules, a working memory to store problem-specific data, and an inference engine that derives solutions from the knowledge base. Expert systems can perform tasks like medical diagnosis, financial planning, and equipment configuration. They have advantages like consistent answers and large information storage but also limitations such as lacking common sense and inability to adapt to changes.

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122 views16 pages

Expert System 1

An expert system is a type of artificial intelligence software that uses human knowledge to solve problems that normally require human expertise. It consists of a knowledge base containing rules, a working memory to store problem-specific data, and an inference engine that derives solutions from the knowledge base. Expert systems can perform tasks like medical diagnosis, financial planning, and equipment configuration. They have advantages like consistent answers and large information storage but also limitations such as lacking common sense and inability to adapt to changes.

Uploaded by

Manjuji
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERT SYSTEM

Definition
Knowledge-based expert systems or simply expert systems An expert system is software that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more human experts, most commonly in a specific problem domain. Use human knowledge to solve problems that normally would require human intelligence Embody some non-algorithmic expertise Represent the expertise knowledge as data or rules within the computer
Can be called upon when needed to solve problems

Examples
Diagnostic applications, servicing:
People Machinery

Play chess Make financial planning decisions Configure computers Monitor real time systems Underwrite insurance policies Perform many other services which previously required human expertise

Components and Human Interfaces

Major Components
Knowledge base - a declarative representation of the expertise, often in IF THEN rules Working storage - the data which is specific to a problem being solved Inference engine - the code at the core of the system
Derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem-specific data in working storage

User interface - the code that controls the dialog between the user and the system

Major Roles of Individuals


Domain expert currently experts solving the problems the system is intended to solve Knowledge engineer - encodes the expert's knowledge in a declarative form that can be used by the expert system User - will be consulting with the system to get advice which would have been provided by the expert Systems built with custom developed shells for particular applications:
System engineer - the individual who builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the knowledge base, and implements the inference engine

Notes on Components
Shell - a piece of software which contains:
The user interface A format for declarative knowledge in the knowledge base An inference engine

Major advantage of a customized shell: the format of the knowledge base can be designed to facilitate the knowledge engineering process Knowledge engineer and the system engineer might be the same person
Depending on the size of the project

One of the major bottlenecks - knowledge engineering process:


The coding of the expertise into the declarative rule format can be a difficult and tedious task The semantic gap between the expert's representation of the knowledge and the representation in the knowledge base should be minimized

Expert System Features


Goal driven reasoning or backward chaining - an inference technique which uses IF THEN rules to repetitively break a goal into smaller sub-goals which are easier to prove Coping with uncertainty - the ability of the system to reason with rules and data which are not precisely known Data driven reasoning or forward chaining - an inference technique which uses IF THEN rules to deduce a problem solution from initial data Data representation - the way in which the problem specific data in the system is stored and accessed User interface - that portion of the code which creates an easy to use system Explanations - the ability of the system to explain the reasoning process that it used to reach a recommendation.

Goal-Driven Reasoning
Aim: to pick the best choice from many enumerated possibilities The knowledge is structured in rules The rule breaks the problem into sub-problems Difference between forward and backward chaining:

Goal-Driven Reasoning
Example - This rules identifies birds:
IF family is albatross and color is white
THEN bird is Laysan albatross IF family is albatross and color is dark THEN bird is black footed albatross

The following rule is one that satisfies the family sub-goal:


IF order is tubenose and size large and wings long narrow
THEN family is albatross

Uncertainty
Final answer is not known with complete certainty
The expert's rules might be vague The user might be unsure of answers to questions

Example - medical diagnostic system: multiple possible diagnoses One of the simplest schemes: to associate a numeric value with each piece of information

Data Driven Reasoning


Problem of enumerating all of the possible answers before hand Example - configuration problems Keeps track of the current state, looks for rules moving the state closer to a final solution Note:
Data driven system: the system must be initially populated with data Goal driven system: gathers data as it needs it

Data Driven Reasoning


Example - A system to layout living room furniture (unplaced pieces of furniture):
IF unplaced tv and couch on wall(X) and wall(Y) opposite wall(X)

THEN place tv on wall(Y).

Prolog
A small semantic gap between Prolog code and the logical specification of a program The code examples are shorter and more concise than they might be with another language Three major features:
Rule-based programming Built-in pattern matching Backtracking execution

Advantages and Disadvantages


Advantages: Consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks Holds and maintains significant levels of information Encourages organizations to clarify the logic of their decision-making Never "forgets" to ask a question, as a human might

Disadvantages: Lacks common sense Cannot make creative responses as human expert Domain experts not always able to explain their logic and reasoning Errors may occur in the knowledge base Cannot adapt to changing environments

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