Renewable

&
Green
Energy
 2

Hello!
I am Dr Muhammad Alam
Zaib Khan
Assistant Professor, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, UET
Peshawar
[email protected].
pk
1. Introduction
Energy and Climate Change
 4

“
Energy production and use account for
two-thirds of the world’s greenhouse-
gas (GHG) emissions, meaning that we
must bring deep cuts in these
emissions, while yet sustaining the
growth of the world economy, boosting
energy security around the world and
bringing modern energy to the billions
who lack it today
COP21

”
 5

Today’s Topics

▰ Introduction
▰ Overview & Course Material
▰ Overview of Energy Use
▰ Energies & Selecting Solutions
▰ Major Technologies of Interest
Overview

Assessment of current and potential future energy systems,

covering resources, extraction, conversion, and end-use, with
emphasis on meeting regional and global energy needs in the
21st century in a sustainable manner. Different renewable and
conventional energy technologies will be presented, and their
attributes described within a framework that aids in
evaluation and analysis of energy technology systems in the
context of political, social, economic, and environmental
goals.
 7

Pakistan’s Intended Nationally

Determined Contribution (Pak-INDC)

SECTORAL SHARES FOR 2015 GHG INVENTORY

LUCF, 10.39
Waste, 12.29

Energy, 185.97

Agriculture, 174.56
Industrial Processes,
21.85

Distribution of budgetary expenses to

different climate change related activities

Based on economic analyses, a reduction of up to 20 percent in the projected

emissions for 2030 would require approximately US$ 40 billion calculated at current
prices.
 8

Course Material

▰ Textbook:
▰ Tester, Jefferson W., et al. (2012) Sustainable Energy: Choosing
Among Options (2nd ed.). The MIT Press
▰ Reference Books
▰ Belyakov, Nikolay. (2019). Sustainable Power Generation: Current
Status, Future Challenges, and Perspectives
▰ Michaelides, E.E. (2012). Alternative Energy Sources. Green Energy
and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
▰ Boyle, Godfrey ed. (2012). Renewable Energy: Power for a
Sustainable Future (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press and
Open University
 9

Course Requirements

▰ Lecture/Recitation Format
╺ Three 3-hour lecture sessions per week; periodic replacement with a
recitation and problem session. Discussions featured in the course,
and therefore the schedule is subject to change.

▰ Graduate Student Requirements

╺ Homework:
╺ The problem sets focus on analytical skills.
╺ Term Project:
╺ The students will be required to turn in one written term paper
(20-30 pages) with an interim progress report.
╺ Graduate Grading:
╺ Homework 40%; Term Project 60%; Student-led Discussion 10%
Extra Credit
 7

Course Organizational Structure

▰ Part I: Energy in Context

▰ Part II: Specific Energy Technologies
▰ Part III: Energy Policy and End Use, Option
Assessment
 11

Course Organizational Structure,

Cont’

▰ Part I: Energy in Context

╺ Introduction
╺ Conventional Energy
╺ Environmental Impacts Of Energy
╺ Energy And Sustainability Metrics
╺ Economic Evaluation Of Energy
╺ Energy Management
╺ Technical Evaluation Of Energy
 12

Course Organizational Structure,

Cont’

▰ Part II: Specific Energy Technologies

╺ Fossil Fuel Energy
╺ Hydropower
╺ Solar Energy (Thermal And PV)
╺ Wind Energy
╺ Nuclear And Biomass
╺ Other Sources Of Renewable Energy
 13

Course Organizational Structure,

Cont’

▰ Part III: Energy Policy and End Use, Option

Assessment
╺ Climate Change - Energy Policies
╺ Grid Integration Of Renewable Energy
2. Overview of Energy
Use
Energy - What’s the problem
 15

Energies – Selecting Solutions

Well Known Some Proposed More Proposed

Issues Solutions Solutions
• Energy use is • Replace coal with  Drive smaller cars
increasing renewables (wind,  Expand use of
• Raw fuel reserves solar) geothermal
are limited • Sequester CO2  Use oil shale and tar
• Pressure on • Switch to biofuels sands for gasoline
standard of living  Build smaller houses
• Conservation
• Global warming  Increase the efficiency
• Add heating
insulation of everything
• Bring back nuclear  Cars: hybrids, plug-in
hybrids, fully electric
 16

Energies – Selecting Solutions

Strategy Main Course Goals

Assessment  Put logic and order into the energy
situation Develop a comprehensive
 It’s a hodge-podge
overview
• Are all problems being
• Learn how to measure and evaluate
addressed?
options
• Are alternatives compared by
• Arm you with the knowledge to
means of a cost-benefit
make sensible decisions
analysis? Are we providing
sufficient funds for R&D
innovations?
• Does the media do a good job
informing the public?
 17

Energy Sources And Uses

▰ A useful breakdown of energy usage

╺ Heating - gas, oil
╺ Transportation - oil
╺ Electricity - coal, nuclear, gas, hydro
╺ Heating - anything will do
╺ Transportation - need mobile fuel
╺ Electricity - lighting, cooling, industry
 18

US Energy Usage

▰ Electricity Electricity
▰ Transportation
40%
▰ Heating

32%
Transportation 28%
Heating
 19

US Electricity Breakdown

▰ Electricity Resources
 20

US Oil Usage

▰ Transportation vs
Heating
 21

Others

▰ Other Energy
Resources
 22

World Coal Reserves = 930423 Million Short Tons

Lots of coal in US, Russia, China, India, Australia

 23

World Oil Reserves = 1277 Thousand Million Barrels

Oil in Saudi Arabia

 24

World Energy Consumption

Growth in energy usage related to increase population and standard of living

 25

How Long Will The Supplies Last?

▰Oil and natural gas - 50 years

▰Coal - 300 years
▰Oil shale and tar sands - 350 years Pakistan
▰Nuclear fission Oil and natural gas – 12 ~ 15
years
 Today’s light water reactors - 100 years
Coal – 300 ~ 500 years
 Future breeders - 10,000 years Oil shale and tar sands - -- years

▰Nuclear fusion Nuclear fission

 Today’s light water reactors - 100 years
 DT reaction - 10,000 years  Future breeders - 10,000 years
 DD reaction ­∞ Renewables - ∞
Oil and Gas Consumption
▰Renewables - ∞ (source)
 26

How About Using H Instead Of Nuclear To

Replace Fossil Fuels?

▰Hydrogen is not a naturally occurring fuel

▰There are no hydrogen mines
▰ It must be manufactured (Grey, Blue, Green -- ) -
it’s an energy carrier
▰Basic problems are tough
: dr ones)
 Takes considerable energy to produce hydrogen. er s
l Us ehicles
,
n tia v )
 Difficult to transport . Pote cells ( ion i li zers
el Fu rat fert
gene teel,
wer s e
 Expensive to transport. Po
ust ry ( storag
Ind ng and
i
 Energy density is low: vs. for gasoline. Heat
 27

The Major Technologies Of Interest

▰ Fossil fuels
▰ Nuclear fission
▰ Hydroelectric
▰ Renewables
 Wind
 Solar thermal
 Solar voltaic
 Biomass
 Geothermal
 How do these work?
 28

How Does A Power Plant Work?

Exhaust steam is waste heat into the environment

Heat engine efficiency is given by furnace inlet temperature and exhaust temperature: η = (1 −
Te/Ti )
 29

Real Heat Engine

COAL Oil (Gasoline) Nuclear

GAS
 30

Fossil Fuels

▰ Put the fuel in a tank and light a match

▰ All fossil fuels use oxygen to burn
▰ All fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2
▰ All fossil fuels produce some amount of pollution due to
impurities
▰ Basic chemical reactions:
Coal C + O2 → CO2 + heat
Gas CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O + heat
Gasoline C8H18 + 12.5O2 → 8CO2 + 9H2 O + heat
 31

The Problems With Fossil Fuels

▰ We are running out of gas and oil - US oil production

peaked in 1970.
▰ Much of the supply is in unstable parts of the world.
▰ We have a good amount of coal.
▰ All fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which is a
greenhouse gas.
▰ Carbon sequestration is not yet a proven technology
The Greenhouse Effect

▰ Radiation from the sun hits the

earth
▰ Most is in the visible frequency
range
▰ Some is reflected, most
absorbed.
▰ Re-radiation rate depends on
temperature (∝ T4)
▰ At equilibrium, the earth
reaches a high enough
temperature so that
Power in = Power out
32
 33

The Greenhouse Effect

Global Warming
Gas Source
Potential (GWP*)
Fossil fuel combustion,
CO₂ 1
deforestation
CH₄ Agriculture, landfills,
25
(methane) natural gas
N₂O Fertilizers, industry 298
Refrigerants, industrial Fossil Fuels
HFCs/PFCs 1,000–12,000+ 75–80%
processes
CO2

GWP is a measure of how much heat a gas traps over

100 years compared to CO₂
 34

Nuclear Fuel
 35

Nuclear Fuel

▰ More difficult than fossil ▰ After several intermediate

fuel steps the key nuclear
▰ Natural uranium reaction is

99.3%238U + 0.7%235U n + 235U → 2 fission products

+ 2.5n + 6β + 10γ + 10ν +
▰ Only 235U produces energy
energy
by fission
▰ A large amount of energy is
▰ Complicated enrichment
released
needed for 4% 235U
▰ This is converted to heat
▰ Place fuel rods in a reactor
vessel ▰ 1 nuclear reaction =
1,000,000 fossil reaction
 36

Hydroelectric
 37

Hydroelectric Power

▰ Put your paddle wheel into ▰ Key power relation is given

flowing water by:
▰ Attach the shaft of the Power =(hydraulic head)
wheel to a generator (flow rate)(efficiency)
▰ Voila - electricity =ρgh[J/m3] × Q[m3/s] ×
η[%]
▰ Main source of energy is
gravity ▰ Implied power density is
low. Hydraulic head is 0.27
kWh/m3 at 100m.
▰ Need large reservoirs to
store water (power density
~3 W/m2)
 38

Wind Power
 39

Wind Power

▰ Wind turns the windmill ▰ Cape Wind - 25 square

blades
miles produces 400 MWe
▰ Mechanical motion peak
converted to the shaft of a ▰ Produces 130 MWe
generator, producing
average
electricity
▰ Low power density (~2
W/m2)
 40

Solar
 41

Solar Power

▰ Peak normal solar irradiance is ▰ Solar voltaic

1kW/m2 (at surface, 1.366 kW  The sunlight impinges on a solar
at top of atmosphere, known voltaic cell
as the solar constant)  The energy is directly converted
▰ The sun’s energy can make into DC electricity
electricity ▰ Like wind, the power density is
▰ There are two ways: low

▰ Solar thermal ▰ Peak power produced is about


100 - 200 W/m2
Rays are focused
 Focused rays can heat water
▰ Average power is about 30 -
60 W/m2
 Water turns to steam to make
electricity ▰ 25 square miles produces
about 100 - 200 MW on
 42

Biomass

▰ Burn wood, plants, etc.

▰ Burn lot’s of it
▰ Huge land area required
▰ Potential for new
discoveries
 43

Geothermal

▰ Dig a hole in the ground

▰ Keep digging until you reach
steam or hot water - steam
mixture under pressure
▰ This hot fluid is forced to the
surface
▰ Use it to make steam
▰ Use the steam to make
electricity
▰ Pump the water back into the
earth
 44

Energy Use and Sustainability: A Sectoral Analysis in a National

Context

Choose one sector from the following list:

🚗 Transport
🏭 Industry/Manufacturing
🏠 Residential/Buildings
🌾 Agriculture
⚡ Electricity Generation

Current Energy Sources in that Sector

Energy Efficiency & Usage Trends
Environmental Impact
Sustainable Alternatives/Policies
Student Reflection:
• What do you think is the best path forward for sustainability in this sector?
• What challenges might Pakistan face in adopting changes?
 45

Thank
s!
Any questions?