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    Molecular Biology 1-3: Put Together By: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska

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    Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska
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    Molecular Biology 1-3: Put Together By: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska

    Uploaded by

    Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska
    76 views32 pages
    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts.

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    Molecular Biology 1-3

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    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    76 views32 pages

    Molecular Biology 1-3: Put Together By: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska

    Uploaded by

    Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska
    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 32

    Molecular Biology 1-3

    put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska


    Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone. However, I found most images had very small type and increased the font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful. The sources are given. If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off.

    Contents
    Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids

    Carbohydrates = Saccharides
    The term carbohydrate = saccharide in biochemistry. The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical groupings:
    monosaccharides = simple sugar disaccharides (2 simple sugars) oligosaccharides (3-6 simple sugars) and polysaccharides (>6 simple sugars = macromolecule)

    monosaccharides and disaccharides = sugars

    Carbohydrates = Saccharides
    A carbohydrate is an organic compound; it consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. General formula is: Cm(H2O)n with H:O atom ratio of 2:1 (like water). However, there are exceptions to this. One common example would be deoxyribose, a component of DNA, which has the empirical formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates are not technically hydrates of carbon. Structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called sugars and are small molecules; polysaccharides are large or macromolecules.

    Chirality
    Chiral molecule is NOT superposable on its mirror image.
    It lacks an internal plane of symmetry and thus is not superposable on its mirror image. Chiral molecules usually have an asymmetric carbon atom.

    An achiral (non-chiral, symmetric) molecule and its enantiomer (mirror image).

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_%28chemistry%29

    Monosaccharide = Simple Sugar


    Monosaccharides or simple sugars are the most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are monomers. They are used to build disaccharides such as sucrose and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose and ribose. Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but have different chemical and physical properties.

    Monosaccharide = Simple Sugar

    glucose

    fructose

    Monosaccharides - Chirality

    glucose

    galactose

    Disaccharides
    A disaccharide is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction and bind together in one molecule. As we shall see, a condensation reaction is a synthesis or anabolic reaction that releases water. Common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose. As we shall see, the bond formed between the 2 simple sugars of a disaccharide is called a glycosidic bond.

    Disaccharide Maltose (1-4)


    glucose glucose

    H2O

    maltose

    disaccharide glycosidic bond

    Lipids
    Lipid is a group of naturally occurring molecules
    fats = triglycerides steroids
    steroid hormones subgroup sterols (example: chloresterol)

    phospholipids fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides others.

    Lipids
    The main biological functions of lipids include
    energy storage fat (adipose tissue) structural components of cell membranes phospholipids, cholesterol, ... important signaling molecules steroid hormones, prostaglandins

    Lipids Classification 1

    http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB470E/AB470E03.htm

    Fatty Acids

    Fatty acid is simplest lipid

    http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Lipids.html

    Fats = Triglycerides
    All fats are derivatives of fatty acids and glycerol. The molecules are called triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. an ester is molecule formed from the reaction of the
    carboxylic acid and an organic alcohol

    If straightened, the fatty acids would each be a horizontal line; the glycerol "backbone" would be the vertical line that joins the 3 horizontal lines.
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat

    Esters Glycerol + Fatty Acids

    The hydrophobic tail of a phospholipid glycerol 2 fatty acids

    http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/

    Glycerol (3-C alcohol)


    Glycerol is an alcohol with multiple hydroxyl OH groups. The glycerol backbone is central to all glyceride lipids.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol

    Keywords
    An alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom and this carbon center is saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms. Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) compounds that have only hydrogen and carbon atoms and have ONLY single bonds (saturated compounds). The simplest alkane is methane CH4. Cycloalkanes (naphthenes) are types of alkanes that have one or more rings of carbon atoms (all with single bonds). Steroids have four cycloalkane rings.

    Steroids
    Steroid is an organic compound with a characteristic

    arrangement of four cycloalkane rings The core of steroids is 17 carbon atoms bonded together:
    3 cyclohexane rings A, B, C and 1 cyclopentane ring D steroids vary by functional groups attached to this four ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings

    Examples:
    Hormones and sterols

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid

    Steroids

    http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookchem2.html

    Steroids Sterols - Cholesterol


    Sterols are special forms of steroids,
    with a hydroxyl group at position-3 and a skeleton derived from cholestane

    Examples: Vitamin D and Cholesterol

    http://www.cytochemistry.net/cell-biology/membrane_intro.htm

    Cholesterol
    Cholesterol = build and maintain membranes
    hydroxyl group on cholesterol interacts with the polar head groups of the membrane phospholipids and sphingolipids, bulky steroid and the hydrocarbon chain are embedded in the membrane, alongside the nonpolar fatty acid chain of the other lipids.

    Cholesterol reduces the permeability of the plasma (cell) membrane so only neutral solutes, protons H+ and sodium ions can pass through.

    Cholesterol
    Within cell membrane, cholesterol also functions intracellular transport, cell signaling and nerve conduction. Within cells, cholesterol is the precursor molecule. Cholesterol is an important precursor for the synthesis of vitamin D and for the steroid hormones. In the liver, cholesterol is contained in bile.

    Cholesterol - Steroid Hormones


    Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol Sex hormones
    Progesterone Testosterone Estradiol

    Aldosterone Cortisol

    Membrane Lipids
    Membrane lipids are lipids in the cell membrane. Ex: phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

    25
    http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html

    Phospholipid

    26
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid

    Bile Digestion of Lipids


    Bile is mostly of water (85%) and bile salts (10%) Bile salts solubilize fats in the digestive tract and aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.
    Bile salts surround fat (lipid) to solubilize it.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile

    Amino acids
    Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid.
    The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

    Structure of an amino acid

    http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg

    28

    Amino acids - Glysine

    Side chain = H so it is smallest of the 20 amino acids

    Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG M = 75 g/mol. Solubility=250 mg/ml Not essential. Can be manufactured artificially and in the body. Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is achiral (not chiral); all other amino acids are chiral. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its two hydrogen atom side chain.
    29
    http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/G/glycine.html

    Amino acids - Lysine

    Lysine is an essential amino acid, (human body cannot synthesize it). Lysine's codons are AAA and AAG. Lysine is a base

    30

    Amino acids - 1

    31
    http://www.geneinfinity.org/sp/sp_aaprops.html

    Amino acids - 2

    32
    http://www.geneinfinity.org/sp/sp_aaprops.html

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