Database Systems

School of Systems & Technology -

In this chapter you will learn:

Understand DDL Concepts: Gain a foundational understanding of Data Definition Language and its role in
database management.

Learn Key DDL Commands: Study the syntax and usage of essential DDL commands such as CREATE, ALTER,
DROP, and TRUNCATE.

Database Schema Creation: Develop the skills to create and define database schemas, including tables,
indexes, and constraints.

Modify Database Structures: Learn how to modify existing database objects using ALTER commands to adapt to
changing requirements.

Ensure Data Integrity: Understand how to enforce data integrity through primary keys, foreign keys, and other
constraints.

Manage Database Objects: Acquire techniques for managing and organizing database objects effectively,
including renaming and commenting.

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What is SQL-Data Definition Language?

 Data Definition Language (DDL) is a subset of SQL (Structured Query Language)

 It consists of commands that create, modify, and remove database objects

 DDL is essential for setting up and organizing the data in a database, laying
the foundation for data manipulation and querying.

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Importance of DDL

 Database Schema Creation: DDL commands define the database schema, which is the
skeleton structure that represents the logical view of the entire database.

 Data Integrity and Constraints: DDL allows the definition of constraints (such as primary
keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints) that ensure data integrity and enforce business rules.

 Database Management: DDL provides the tools necessary for database administrators to
manage and organize database structures efficiently.

 Documentation: Using comments and descriptive naming conventions in DDL can help document
the database structure, making it easier to understand and maintain.

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DDL Commands

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SQL DDL Commands Syntax

 CREATE TABLE table_name (column1 data_type, column2 data_type, ...);

 DROP TABLE table_name;

 ALTER TABLE table_name ADD COLUMN column_name data_type;

 TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

 RENAME TABLE old_table_name TO new_table_name;

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CREATE / DROP Database Command

 The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a new SQL database

 The DROP DATABASE statement is used to drop an existing SQL database.

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CREATE Table Command

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ALTER/DROP/TRUNCATE/RENAME Table Commands

 ALTER: This command modifies existing database objects. It

 DROP: This command deletes existing database objects. It

 TRUNCATE: This command deletes all rows from a table, but

 RENAME: Changes the name of a database object.

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Common ALTER Commands

 Add Column: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD COLUMN column_name column_type;

 Modify Column: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name new_type; or ALTER TABLE
table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name TYPE new_type;

 Drop Column: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

 Rename Column: ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name;

 Add Constraint: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name constraint_type (columns);

 Drop Constraint: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;

 Rename Table: ALTER TABLE old_name RENAME TO new_name;

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ALTER command examples

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CREATE view & CREATE index

CREATE VIEW employee_details AS

CREATE INDEX idx_employee_last_name

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DROP Command

 The SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) DROP command is used to delete database
objects such as tables, databases, indexes, views, triggers, and procedures.

 DROP TABLE employees;

 DROP DATABASE company_db;

 DROP INDEX idx_employee_name ON employees;

 DROP VIEW employee_view;

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TRUNCATE Command

 The SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) TRUNCATE command is used to delete all rows from a table,
effectively resetting it to its empty state, but without removing the table structure.

 Unlike the DELETE command, TRUNCATE is usually faster and uses fewer system and transaction log
resources because it does not generate individual row delete statements.

 However, it also cannot be rolled back if not used within a transaction.

 TRUNCATE TABLE employees;

 TRUNCATE TABLE sales.monthly_reports;

 TRUNCATE TABLE customers, orders, order_details;

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RENAME Command

 The SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) RENAME command is used to change the name of a database
object.

 RENAME TABLE old_table_name TO new_table_name;

 RENAME TABLE employees TO staff;

 ALTER TABLE employees RENAME COLUMN last_name TO surname;

 ALTER INDEX idx_employee_name RENAME TO idx_staff_name;

 RENAME TABLE employee_view TO staff_view;

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Transaction Control Language (TCL)

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Class Practice Session (DML)

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Class Practice Session (DML)

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Class Practice Session (DML)

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Class Practice Session (DDL)

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Class Practice Session (DDL)

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Thankyou
Any Queries?

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