List Aliasing
• When two variables refer to the same list in
memory.
Example:
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = list1
list2[0] = 100 Output
print(list1) [100, 2, 3]
Print(list2) [100, 2, 3]
• Note: Changing one affects the other.
Cloning Lists
• Creating a new list with the same elements
(Copying list elements).
Methods of List Cloning:
• List slicing – [:]
• copy() method
• List constructor (function) – list()
• deepcopy() method
List Cloning Using Slicing
Example:
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = list1[:]
list2[0] = 100 Output
print(list1) [1, 2, 3]
print(list2) [100, 2, 3]
Note: Changing one doesn’t affects the other.
List Cloning Using copy()
Example:
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = list1.copy()
list2[0] = 100 Output
print(list1) [1, 2, 3]
print(list2) [100, 2, 3]
Note: Changing one doesn’t affects the other.
List Cloning Using List Constructor
Example:
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = list(list1)
list2[0] = 100 Output
print(list1) [1, 2, 3]
print(list2) [100, 2, 3]
Note: Changing one doesn’t affects the other.
List Cloning Using deepcopy()
• The deepcopy() is used to copy the elements of
nested list.
Example:
import copy
list1 = [[1, 2, 3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]
list2 = copy.deepcopy(list1)
list2[1][2] = 600 Output
print(list1) [[1, 2, 3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
print(list2) [[1, 2, 3], [4,5,600],
[7,8,9]]
List Parameters
• Passing lists as arguments to functions.
Example:
def modify_list(list1):
list1.append(10)
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
modify_list(my_list) Output
print(my_list) [1, 2, 3, 10]
Note: Lists are mutable, changes inside function affect
original list.
Tuples
• Immutable Example:
• Ordered a = (1, 2, 3)
• Allows Duplicates
• Can Contain Multiple Data Types
• Faster than Lists
• Uses Parentheses ()
• Single Element Tuple Needs a Comma a = (1,)
Tuple Assignment
• Assigning multiple variables at once using
tuples.
Example:
a, b = (1, 2) Output
print(a) 1
print(b) 2
Tuple Assignment
fruits = (“apple”, “banana”, “cherry“)
x, y, z = fruits
print(x) ‘apple’
print(y) ‘banana’
‘cherry’
print(z)
Tuple as Return Value
• Functions can return multiple values using
tuples.
Example:
def min_max(numbers):
return min(numbers), max(numbers)
result = min_max([1, 2, 3, 4])
(1,4)
print(result)
Dictionaries
• Stores data as key-value pairs
• Mutable (can be changed after creation)
• Keys must be unique and hashable
• Fast lookup using keys
• Uses curly braces {} for definition
• Can store any data type as values (numbers,
strings, lists, even other dictionaries)
Dictionaries - Operations
student = { "name": "Alice", "age": 21, "course": "AI"}
Print(student["name"])
student["grade"] = "A”
print(student)
student["age"] = 22
print(student)
del student["course"]
print(student)
Alice
{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 21, 'course': 'AI', 'grade': 'A’}
{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 22, 'course': 'AI', 'grade': 'A’}
{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 22, 'grade': 'A’}
Dictionaries - Operations
Students = {‘name’: ‘Alice’, ‘age’: 22, ‘grade’: ‘A’}
for key, value in student.items():
print(key, ":", value)
name : Alice
age : 22
grade : A
Dictionaries - Methods
student = { "name": "Alice", "age": 18, "course": "AI"}
print(student.get("name"))
print(student.get("grade", "N/A"))
print(student.keys())
print(student.values())
print(student.items())
Alice
N/A
dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'course’])
dict_values(['Alice’,18, 'AI’])
dict_items([('name', 'Alice'), ('age’,18), ('course', 'AI’)])
Dictionaries - Methods
student.update({"age": 19, "grade": "A"})
print("Updated student:", student)
removed = student.pop("course")
print("Removed course:", removed)
print("After pop:", student)
student.clear()
print("After clear:", student)
Updated student: {'name': 'Alice', 'age’: 19, 'course': 'AI', 'grade': 'A’}
Removed course: AI
After pop: {'name': 'Alice', 'age’: 19, 'grade': 'A’}
After clear: {}
Advanced List Processing - List
Comprehension
• Creates a new list by applying an expression to
each item in a sequence, optionally filtering with
a condition
Syntax:
[expression for item in iterable if condition]
Example:
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
doubled = [x * 2 for x in numbers] [2, 4, 6, 8]
print(doubled)
List Comprehension
squares = [x*x for x in range(1, 6)]
print(squares)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
even_sqr = [x*x for x in range(10) if x%2==0]
print(even_sqr)
[0, 4, 16, 36, 64]
Advanced List Processing
• Map() – Apply a function to each item in a list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
squares = list(map(lambda x: x*x, numbers))
print(squares)
[1, 4, 9, 16]
Advanced List Processing
• Filter() – Keep items that match a condition
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
even = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
print(even)
[2, 4, 6]
