CS589-04 Digital Image Processing

Lecture 6. Color Image

Processing

Spring 2008
New Mexico Tech
 Color Fundamentals

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 Color Fundamentals

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 Color Fundamentals

► 6 to 7 million cones in the human eye can be

divided into three principal sensing categories,
corresponding roughly to red, green, and blue.
65%: red 33%: green 2%: blue (blue cones are
the most sensitive)

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 Color Fundamentals

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 Color Fundamentals

► The characteristics generally used to distinguish one

color from another are brightness, hue, and saturation

brightness: the achromatic notion of intensity.

hue: dominant wavelength in a mixture of light

waves, represents dominant color as perceived by an
observer.

saturation: relative purity or the amount of white

light mixed with its hue.
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 Color Fundamentals

► Tristimulus
Red, green, and blue are denoted X, Y, and Z,
respectively. A color is defined by its trichromatic
coefficients, defined as
X
x
X Y  Z
Y
y
X Y  Z
Z
z
X Y  Z
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 CIE Chromaticity Diagram

It shows
color
composition
as a function
of x (red)
and y
(green)

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 RGB Color Model

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 RGB Color Model

Pixel depth

The total number of

colors in a 24-bit RGB
image is (28)3 =
16,777,216

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 Safe RGB colors
(or safe Web
colors) are
reproduced
faithfully,
reasonably
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independently of13
viewer hardware
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 The CMY and CMYK Color Models

 C   1  R
 M   1   G
     
 Y   1  B 
Equal amounts of the pigment primaries, cyan,
magenta, and yellow should produce black. In practice,
combining these colors for printing produces a muddy-
looking black.

To produce true black, the predominant color in

printing, the fourth color, black, is added, giving rise to
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 CMY vs. CMYK

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK
 HIS Color Model

brightness: the achromatic notion of intensity.

hue: dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves, represents

dominant color as perceived by an observer.

saturation: relative purity or the amount of white light mixed with its
hue.

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 HIS Color Model

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 HIS Color Model

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 HIS Color Model

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 Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

► Given an image in RGB color format, the H

component of each RGB pixel is obtained using the
equation
 if B G
H 
360   if B>G

 1 
1 
 ( R  G )  ( R  B )  
 cos  2
1/2 
   R  G   ( R  B )(G  B )  
2

  

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 Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

► Given an image in RGB color format, the saturation

component is given by

3
S 1   min( R, G, B)
( R  G  B)

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 Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

► Given an image in RGB color format, the intensity

component is given by

1
I  R  G  B 
3

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 Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

► RG sector (0 H  120 )

B I (1  S )
 S cos H 
R I  1   
 cos(60  H ) 
and
G 3I  ( R  B )

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 Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

► RG sector(120 H  240 )

H H  120
R I (1  S )
 S cos H 
G I  1   
 cos(60  H ) 
and
B 3I  ( R  G )
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 Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

► RG sector(240 H 360 )

H H  240
G I (1  S )
 S cos H 
B I  1   
 cos(60  H ) 
and
R 3I  (G  B )
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 Pseudocolor Image Processing

► The process of assigning colors to gray values

based on a specified criterion.

► Intensity Slicing

f ( x, y ) ck if f ( x, y )  Vk

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 Pseudocolor Image Processing

► Intensity to Color Transformation

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The images are obtained
from an airport X-ray
scanning system.
The left contains
ordinary articles and the
right contains the same
articles as well as a
block of simulated
plastic explosives.

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Pseudocolor by
combining several of
the sensor images from
the Galileo spacecraft,
some of which are in
spectral regions not
visible to the eye.

Bright red depicts

materials newly ejected
from an active volcano
on Io, and the
surrounding yellow
materials are older
sulfur deposits.
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 Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

Let c represent an arbitrary vector in RGB color space:

 cR   R 
c  cG   G 
 cB   B 
At coordinates (x, y ),
 cR ( x , y )   R ( x , y ) 
c( x, y )  cG ( x, y )   G ( x, y ) 
 cB ( x, y )   B ( x, y ) 

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 Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

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 Color Transformations

g ( x, y ) T  f ( x, y ) 

si Ti (r1 , r2 ,..., rn ), i 1, 2,..., n.

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 g ( x, y ) kf ( x, y )

si kri , si kri  (1  k ), s3 kr3

07/20/25 i 1, 2,3. i 1, 2,3. 46
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 Color slicing

► Highlighting a specific range of colors in an image

If the colors of interest are enclosed by a cube of width W

and centered at a protypical color with components
(a1 , a2 ,..., an ), the necessary set of transformations is
0.5 if  | rj  a j | W / 2 
si  any 1j n

 ri otherwise

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 Color slicing

If a sphere is used to specify the colors of interest,

R 0 is the radius of the enclosing of its center.
The transformations is
 n

 j j  0
2 2
 0.5 if r  a  R
si  j 1
r otherwise
i

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 Color slicing

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 Tone and
Color
Corrections

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 Color Image Smoothing

Let S xy denote the set of coordinates defining a neighborhood

centered at (x, y ) in an RGB color image. The average of the
RGB component vectors in this neighborhood is
1 
  R ( s, t ) 
 K ( s ,t )S xy 
1 1 
c ( x, y )  
K ( s ,t )S xy
c ( s , t )  
 K ( s ,t )S xy
G ( s, t ) 

 
1 
 K ( s ,
B ( s , t )

 t )S xy 
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 Color Image Sharpening

The Laplacian of vector c is

 2 R ( x, y ) 
 2 
  c ( x , y )    G ( x , y ) 
2

 2 B ( x, y ) 
 

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 Image
Segmentation
Based on
Color:

Segmentation
in HIS Color
Space

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 Segmentation in RGB Vector Space

Let the average color of interest is denoted by the

RGB vector a. Let z denote an arbitrary point in
RGB space.
1/2
D( z , a)  z  a  ( z  a ) ( z  a) 
T

2 1/2
 ( z R  aR )  ( zG  aG )  ( z B  aB ) 
2 2

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 Color Edge Detection (1)

Let r, g, and b be unit vectors along the R, G, and B

axis of RGB color space, and define vectors
R G B
u  r g b
x x x
and
R G B
v r g b
y y y

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 Color Edge Detection (2)

2 2 2
R G B
g xx u u=  
x x x
2 2 2
R G B
g yy vv=  
y y y
and
R R G G B B
g xy u v=  
x y x y x y

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 Color Edge Detection (3)

The direction of maximum rate of change of c(x, y ) is given by

the angle
1 1
 2 g xy 
 ( x, y )  tan  
2  g xx  g yy 
The value of the rate of change at (x, y ) in the direction of  ( x, y ),
is given by
1/2
1  
F (x, y )=    g xx  g yy    g xx  g yy cos 2 ( x, y )  2 g xy sin 2 ( x, y )  
2 

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