Functions and

its Graph
 Relation
Objectives:
• Define a relations;
• identify domain and range of a
relation.
WORD
HUNT
Find as many
words as you can
that can be
associated on the
topic Function and
Relation.
WORD
HUNT
Find as many
words as you can
that can be
associated on the
topic Function and
Relation.

1. Function
2. Relation
3. Domain
4. Range
5. Set
6. Table
7. Mapping
8. Graph
9. Equation
10.Input
11.Output
 Getting Ready

To be able to save money and

energy, just dial “RENT CAR”.
DEFINITION
Relation is referred to as any set of ordered
pair. Conventionally, It is represented by the
ordered pair ( x , y ). x is called the first element
or x-coordinate while y is the second element or
y-coordinate of the ordered pair.
Relation is a rule that relates values from a set
of values (called the domain) to the second set of
values (called the range)
Ways of Expressing a Relation

1. Set 4. Graph
notation
2. Tabular form 5. Mapping

3. Equation
 Example: Express the relation y = 2x
.
when x= 0,1,2,3 in 5 ways.
1. Set notation
(a) S = { ( 0, 0) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2, 4 ), ( 3, 6) }
or
(b) S = { (x , y) / y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2, 3 }
2. Tabular
form
x 0 1 2 3
y 0 2 4 6
3. Equation: y = 2x

4. Graph 5. Mapping
y x y
5
4 ●
3 0
0
2 ● 1 2
1
● x 2 4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1 1 2 3 4 5
3 6
-2
-3
-4
-5
DEFINITION: Domain and Range

All the possible values of x is called the

domain and all the possible values of y is
called the range. In a set of ordered pairs, the
set of first elements and second elements of
ordered pairs is the domain and range,
respectively.
Example: Identify the domain and range of the following
relations.
1.) S = { ( 4, 7 ),( 5, 8 ),( 6, 9 ),( 7, 10 ),( 8,
11 ) }
Answer : D: { 4,5,6,7,8} R:{7,8,9,10,11}
 2.) S = { ( x , y ) / y = | x | ; x 
R } D: all real nos.
Answer: R: all real nos. > 0
( ,) [0,)
3) y=x 2
–5
Answer. D: all real nos. R: all real nos. > -5
( ,) [ 5,)
4) |y|= x
Answer: D: all real nos. > 0 R: all real nos.
[0,) ( ,)
5. X 0 1 2 3 4 Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
y 6 8 10 12 14 Range: {6, 8, 10, 12,
14}

6. X 2 1 0 1 2 Domain: {0, 1, 2}
y -8 -4 0 4 8 Range: {-8, -4, 0, 4, 8}

7. X -4 -2 0 2 4 Domain: {-4, -2, 0, 2, 4}

y 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 Range: {1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2}

8. X 0 2 4 2 0 Domain: {0, 2, 4}
Y 1 1/2 0 1/2 1 Range: {0, ½, 1}
9. A 1 Star A
10. 0 11.
B 2 Square 1 2 B
C 3 Circle 2 C
D 4 Triangle 3 D
Diamond 4 3 E
E 5
Oblong 5 F
F 6

Domain: {A,B,C,D,F} D: Domain: {2, 3}

Range: {1, 2, 4, 5, {star,square,circle,triangle, Range: {A, B, C, D,
6} Range: {1, 2, 3, 4} E, F}
diamond, oblong}
12 13. 14.
.

Domain: {x|x  ℜ} Domain: {x| x  ℜ , -2 ≤ x Domain: {x|x  ℜ+}

Range: {y|y  ℜ} +2} {y| y  ℜ , -2 ≤ y
Range: {y|y  ℜ}
≤Range:
≤ +2}
RememberThis!
Identifying Domain and Range
1. Set of Ordered Pairs:
a. Domain – a set of all first coordinates of the ordered pairs.
b. Range – a set of all second coordinates of the ordered pairs
2. Tabular Form:
a. Domain – a set of all x-values.
b. Range – a set of all y-values.
3. Mapping Diagram:
a. Domain – a set of all elements on the first group.
b. Range – a set of all elements on the second group.
4. Graphing:
a. Domain – a set of all values on the x-axis covered by the graph.
b. Range – a set of all values on the y-axis covered by the graph.
Let Us Try This!
Determine domain and range of the following:
1.S = {(a,2), (b,4), (c,6), (d,8), (e,10)}
2.S = {(-6,9), (6,-9), (9,6), (-9,6)}
3. 4.

5. 6.
Let Us Try This!
Determine the domain and range of the
following.
7.y = 4x2 + 12
8.y = 14 - x
2

9. 
10. 1
3 
 3
4 
5
 5 
6 
2
 7  4
Function
Objectives:

1. define intuitively a function;

and
2. identify real life examples of
a function including
piecewise functions;
Review:
1.What is a relation?
2.In a relation, how can you identify a
independent variable and dependent
variable?
3.What is another name you can give to
independent variable? Dependent ariable?
4.Give five examples of relation citing the
independent variable and dependent variable.
5.For each example, can you identify if the
relation works or valid?
Definition: Function

A function is a special relation such that

every first element is paired to a unique second
element.

It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs

having the same first element.
Real Life Examples of Function
Real Life Examples of Function
Real Life Examples of Function
Real Life Examples of Function
Real Life Examples of Function
Real Life Examples of Function
Piecewise or Split Function
Piecewise or Split Function
Real Life Examples of Piecewise
or Split Function
Real Life Examples of Piecewise
or Split Function
Real Life Examples of Piecewise
or Split Function
Real Life Examples of Piecewise
or Split Function
 Let’s Get Real!
Tell whether the following situation describes a function or not.
1. The amount of postage placed on a first-class letter depends on the weight of the letter.
2. The temperature of a cup of coffee depends on how big the cup is.
3. The height which a football attains depends upon the number of seconds after it was kicked.
4. The number of pages read is related to the number of words written on every page.
5. The speed of the bullet depends on its acceleration.
6. The amount in peso of a $100 bill is related to the country’s inflation rate.
7. The overtime pay of an employee is related to the number of hours he worked overtime.
8. The amount paid for a long distance call depends on how long the call is made.
9. The amount of monthly internet bill depends on the amount of data being used for the post
paid consumers.
10.The amount of tax a company pays depends upon its net profit for the year.
How to Differentiate a Function
from a Relation?
Differentiating Function
from a Relation

Objectives:

1. differentiate a function from

a relation; and
 Functions

One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

3
y x  1 y sin x 

and

Each value of x maps to Each value of x maps to only

only one value of y . . . one value of y . . .
and each y is mapped from BUT many other x values map
only one x. to that y.
 Functions

One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

y x  13 y sin x 

and

3
y x aone-to-one
1 an example
is of y sin xis an example of
a many-to-one
function
function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is just a

relation. Thus a function is a relation but a
relation could never be a function.
1. Identify whether the given set is
a function or just a merely a
relation.
Not a Function

A = {(-1,-1), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)}Function

Function
B = {(-1,-1), (0,1), (1,0), (2,-2)}
C = {(-1,-1), (0,1), (1,0), (2,-1)}
Not a Function

D = {(-1,-1), (0,1), (1,0), (0,-1),

2. Identify whether the given
table is a function or just a
merely a relation.
X 0 1 2 3 4
y 6 8 10 12 14 Function

X 2 1 0 1 2
-8 -4 0 4 8 Not a Function
y

X -4 -2 0 2 4
y 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 Function

X 0 2 4 2 0
Not a Function
Y 1 1/2 0 1/2 1
3. Identify whether the following graph is a function or just a merely
a relation.

Function Not a Function Function Function

Not a Function Function Function

Vertical Line Test – an imaginary line used to test whether the graph is
a function or not.

The VLT intersect the graph at only 1 point, therefore it is

a FUNCTION

The VLT intersect the graph at more than 1 point, therefore it is

NOT a FUNCTION
4. Identify whether the given illustration
describes a function or just a merely a
relationBird
Noel . Star A 1
0
Joel Cat Square B 2
1
Kim Dog Circle C 3
2
Julie Turtle Triangle 3 D 4
Nina Mice Diamond 4 E 5
Joy Pig Oblong 5 F 6
Function Function Not a Function

One-to-one A
Many-to-one Many-to-many
2 B
C
Not a Function
D
3 E One-to-many
F
5. Identify whether the given
equation is a function or just a
merely a relation.
Function
a. y = 4x + 8
Not a Function
b. 4x2 + 9y2 = 16
Function
c. y = 2x – 3x + 16
2
Not a Function
d. x = 3y3 + 10 Function
e. y= Not a Function (if the range is a set of
real numbers)
Function (if the range is a set of positive real
f. y= numbers)
 How to Determine a Function Using the
Five Ways in Representing a Relation?

 By Set Notation - There should be no

duplication on the first coordinate
 By Tabular Form – There should be no
duplication on the x-values.
 By Graphing – The Vertical Line Test (VLT)
should intersect the graph at only one point.
 By Mapping (Arrow Diagram) – One-to-one
Correspondence/ Many-to-one Correspondence
 By Equation – The exponent of the dependent
variable (y) is one or odd.
Let Us Try This!
Determine whether the following is a function or
just a mere relation.
1.S = {(a,2), (b,4), (c,6), (d,8), (e,10)}
2.S = {(-6,9), (6,-9), (9,6), (-9,6)}
3. 4.

5. 6.
Let Us Try This!
Determine whether the following is a
function or just a mere relation.
7.y = 4x2 – 2x + 12
8.x2 – 3y2 = 14
2

9. 
10. 1
3 
 3
4 
5
 5 
6 
2
 7  4
 Identify which of the following
relations are functions.
1) S = { ( 4, 7 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( 6, 9 ), ( 7, 10 ), ( 8, 11 ) }

2) S={(x,y)/y=|x| ; x}
3) y=x2 –5
4) |y|= x X 1 -1 11 -1
5) x – 4x = y – 3x
2 2
8. y 12 4 -6 4
2x
6) y  x  2
X 1 -1 11 -11
9 y 4 0 44 -44
7) y  x  1 .
 Identify which of the following
relations are functions.
A 2 W 1
B 3
3 X
10. C 11. 5
D
4 Y 2
E 5 Z 4

12 13
. .
Evaluating
Functions
Objectives:

1. Evaluate a function given

a value of x.
 SITUATION:
Meet best friends Emily and Anton.
They have formed a partnership. Anton,
being the creative one, makes costume
jewelry. Emily, being business-minded, markets the jewelry Anton
makes. In a recent month, they spent Php1,000 on raw materials to
make 50 pieces of jewelry and sell each for Php25.00. assuming that
they are not required to pay a sales tax, their net profit depends on the
number of pieces of jewelry sold.
1. The problem includes three constants: the fixed cost of raw materials
(Php1,000), the selling price for each piece (Php25.00), and the total
number of jewelry pieces made (50).
 SITUATION:
2. Let us use n to represent the number Number of Net Profit
of pieces of costume jewelry sold and Pieces of in Pesos
Jewellery (Php)
P for the net profit in pesos. Sold (n)
a. What should be the greatest value 0 -1,000
of n? The greatest value of P? 10 -750
b. What should be the least value of 20 -500
n? The least value of P? 25 -375
30 -250
3. Some of the data for selling the 45 125
costume jewelry is shown in the table
at the right.
 SITUATION:
4. Show the function machine that clearly shows the input, the
process, and the output after selling the costume jewelry is
given as follows.
Number of jewelry (n) x 25 -
1000
5. Write the equation that shows algebraically how to compute
the net profit given the number of pieces of jewelry sold.
f(x) = 25x -
1000
6. If there are 40 pieces of jewelry sold, how much should be
the profit?
 THE FUNCTION
NOTATION:
The function notation y = f(x) tells you that y is a function of x. if
there is a rule relating y to x, such as y = 3x +1, then you can also
write:

The name of a
f(x) = 3x + 1
f(x) is read as “f of x”,
function is f.
and this represent the
Other letters
value of the function at
may also be
x.
used to name a
function.
DEFINITION: Function Notation

•Letters like f , g , h and the likes are

used to designate functions.
•When we use f as a function, then for
each x in the domain of f , f ( x )
denotes the image of x under f .
•The notation f ( x ) is read as “ f of x ”.
EXAMPLE:
Evaluate each of the following function.

1. If f(x) = x + 8, find:
a. f(4) b. f(-2) c. f(-x) d. f(x + 3)

e. f(x2 - 3)
2. If g(x) = x2 – 4x, find:
a. g(-5) b. g(0) c. g(4) d. g(2x)

e. g(x - 1)
MORE EXERCISES:

Evaluate each of the following function.

1. If f ( x ) = x + 9 , what is the value of f

(6)?
2. If g ( x ) = 2x – 12 , what is the value of g (–
2 )?
3. If h ( x ) = x 2 + 5 , find h ( x + 1 ).
4. If h ( t ) = 3t + 5 and t(x) = x2 + 6, find
h(x).
5. If k ( t ) = 6t + 5, t(s) = ( s + 1 ) and
s = 9, find k( t ) and t( s ).
ASSESSMENT:

Evaluate each of the following function.

1. If f(x) = 9 – 6x, find:

a. f(-1) b. f(2/3) c. f(-3+x) d. f(2x-1)

2. If Given f(x) = , find

a. f(2) b. f(0) c. f(2 – x) d. f(a + b)
Evaluating Piecewise Functions

Objectives:

1. Evaluate a piecewise
function given a value of x.
 Piecewise Defined Function
A piecewise function is defined by
different formulas on different parts of its
domain.
Example:
3x ;x<2
x if x < 0
2

1.f ( x )  2.f ( x )  x  1 ;x=2
x  1 if x 0 ( x  2) 2 ; x > 2

 SITUATION:
You plan to sell cupcakes to raise funds. A bakery charges you
Php 15.00 for the first 100 cupcakes. After the first 100 cupcakes
you purchase up to 150 cupcakes, the bakery will lower the price
to Php13.00 per cupcake. After you purchase 150 cupcakes, the
price will decrease to Php 10.00 per cupcake.
a.write the piecewise function
that describes what the bakery
charges on the cupcakes.
b.Graph the function
Piecewise Defined Function
EXAMPLE: Evaluate the piecewise function at the
indicated values.
Find the value of the
x if x<0 following:
2
1.f ( x ) 
x  1 if x 0 f(-2), f(-1), f(0), f(1), f(2)

3x if x  0

2.f ( x )  x  1 if 0 x 2
( x  2) 2 if x  2

find the value of the
following:
Let’s Try This!
Find the value of the
2 x 2  1; x  1 following:
1. f ( x)  f(-5), f(-1), f(0), f(1), f(5)
 x  1; x  1

4 x  1 if x > 2

2. f ( x ) 5 if -2 ≤ x ≤
2 x 2  3 2

if x < -2
find the value of the
following:
f(-5), f(0), f(1), f(5)
A. Evaluate each function at the indicated values of the
independent variable and simplify the result.
1. Given f(x) = 9 – 6x, find
a. f(-1) b. f(2/3) c. f(-3 + x) d.
f(2x – 1)

2. Given f(x) = , find

a. f(2) b. f(0) c. f(2 – x) d.
f(2a)
3.
Operations on Functions
•Addition of Functions •Multiplication of Functions
If f and g are If f and g are functions,
functions, their sum is a their product is a function
function defined as defined as

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) (f ● g)(x) = f(x) ● g(x)

•Subtraction of Functions •Division of Functions

If f and g are If f and g are functions,
functions, their difference their quotient is a function
is a function defined as defined as

(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x) (f ÷ g)(x) = f(x) ÷ g(x)

Let’s try this!

Given the following functions

f(x) = 2x
g(x) = 4x – 5
h(x) = x2 + 1.

Find the following:

a. (g + h)(x) b. (h - g)(x)

c. (h ● h)(x) d. (g ● h)(x)

e. (g ÷ f)(x) f. (h ÷ g)(x)
 Let’s try this!

1. If f(x) = 2x2 – 1 and g(x) = x2 + x, find:

a. (f + g)(x) b. (f – g)(x)

c. (f ● g)(x) d. (f ÷ g)(x)

2. If k(x) = 3x2 – 5 and h(x) = 2x + 6, find:

a. (k + h)(x) b. (k – h)(x)

c. (k ● h)(x) d. (k ÷ h)(x)
Let Us Try
This!
Given f(x) = 11– x and g(x) = x 2 +2x –10 evaluate
each of the following functions.
1. f(-5)
2. g(2)
3. (f  g)(5)
4. (f - g)(4)
5. f(7)+g(x)
6. g(-1) – f(-4)
7. (f ○ g)(x)
8. (g ○ f)(x)
9. (g ○ f)(2)
2
10.(f○ g) )
(x

Composition of Functions
•Composite Functions
If f and g are functions, the composite function f
with g is defined as
(f ○ g)(x) = f(g(x))
The domain of (f ○ g)(x) is the set of all x such
that
a. x is the domain of g; and
b. g(x) is the domain of f.

Let f(x) = √x, g(x) = 4x2 – 5x, and h(x) is x + 1. Find the
following:
a. (g ○ h)(x) b. (h ○g)(x)
c. [h ○ h](x) d. [f ○ (g + h)](x)
Let’s Try This!
1.Given f(x) = x2 – 2 and g(x) = x + 2.

Find: a) (f ○ g)(x) b) (g ○f)(x)

c) (f ○ g)(-1) d) (g ○f)(2)

2.Given f(x) = x - 8 and g(x) =

Find: a) (f ○ g)(x) b) (g ○f)(x)
c) (f ○ g)(0) d) (g ○f)(1)
 1.Given f(x) = 3x – 1, g(x) = x2 + 1,
and h(x) = .

Find:
a. (f + g)(2) b. (g – f)(x)
c. (f ●g)(x) d. (g ÷ f)(1)
e. (h ○ f)(-1) f. (h ○ g)(0)
g. (f ○ g)(x) h. (g ○ f)(c)

 Problem Solving
Steps in Problem Solving:

1. READ the problem carefully and draw

the picture that conveys the given
information.
• Identify what information is given.
• Identify what you are asked to find.
• Choose a variable to represent one of the
unspecified number in the problem.
2. PLAN the solution. After defining the
variables, find a word sentence to suggest
an equation for the number(s). use the
expressions to replace the word sentence by
an equation.
 Problem Solving

Steps in Problem Solving:

3. SOLVE the problem. To solve the equation,

familiarize yourself with the properties of
equality and to use PEMDAS rule for series of
operations.

4. EXAMINE the solution. Use the solution of

the equation to write a statement that settles the
problem. Check that the conclusion agrees with
the problem situation or satisfies all conditions of
the problem.
 Problem Solving

Example:

1. The perimeter of a rectangle is 100 cm.

express the area of the rectangle in terms of
the width x.
2. A piece of wire x cm long is bent into the
shape of a circle. Express the area (A) of the
circle in terms of x, the circumference.
3. Express the length of the radius of a circle
as a function of the area of the circle.
 Problem Solving

Example:

4. Mang Juan wanted to build a fence for his ducks

beside the river. The fence is rectangular in
shape with an open side on the river. What is the
maximum area made by 100 meters of fencing?
5. The length of a rectangle is twice its width.
When the length is increased by 5 and the width
is decreased by 3, the new rectangle will have a
perimeter of 52. Find the dimensions of the
original rectangle?
 Problem Solving
Let’s Try This:

1. The perimeter of a rectangle is 24

cm. Express the area of the rectangle
in terms of the width x.
2. The area of a rectangle is 85 cm2.
Express the perimeter of the rectangle
as a function of the width x.
3. A piece of wire y cm long is bent into
a circle. Express the area of the circle
as a function of the circumference y.
 Problem Solving

Let’s Try This:

4. Two years ago, Nelly was three times as old
as her nephew was then. In five years, Nelly
will be only two times as old as her nephew.
How old is each?
5. The height of a projectile fired upward is
given by the formula S = vt – t2, where S is
the height, v is the initial velocity, and t is
the time. Find the time for a projectile to
return to earth if it has an initial velocity of
98 mps.
 EVALUATION

Problem Solving:
1a. The perimeter of a rectangle is 160 cm.
Express the area of a rectangle in terms of
width, x.
b. What is the area of a rectangle if its width
is 8 cm?
2a. A piece of wire, x cm long is bent into the
shape of a circle. Express the area of the
circle in terms of x.
b. If the wire is 20 cm long, what would be
the area of a circle made by the wire?
 EVALUATION

1a. The perimeter of a rectangle is 100 cm.

Express the area of a rectangle in terms of width,
x.
b. What is the area of a rectangle if its width is 6 cm?
2a. A piece of wire, x cm long is bent into the shape of
a circle. Express the area of the circle in terms of x.
b. If the wire is 314 cm long, what would be the area
of a circle made by the wire?
3a. The area of a rectangle is 1601 cm2. Express the
perimeter of the rectangle as a function of the
width, x.
b. If the width of a rectangle is 10 cm, Find the
perimeter.
 EVALUATION
1a. The area of a rectangle is 400 cm2. Express
the perimeter of a rectangle in terms of
length, x.
b. What is the perimeter of a rectangle if its
length is 24 cm?
2a. Express the circumference of a circle in
terms of its area.
b. If the area of a circle is 31,416cm2, what
would be its circumference?
3. Harry is 20 years older than Ivan. Five years
from now, Ivan will be 3/5 as old as Harry.
How old is each now?