COMPUTER

PROGRAM
A computer program is a
series of instructions written
to perform specified task on
a computer.
PROGRAMMER
• A person who writes,
develops and debugs the
computer program.
• They write set of
instructions called
programs using various
programming languages.
 • It is the art or process and
science of creativity/writing
programs.
• It is the process done by
programmers to instruct a
PROGRAMMING computer on how to do a
task.
• It is the process of planning
and designing solutions for a
particular problem and then
writing the code suing a
programming language.
 • A tool that allows programmers
to write commands or
programs that can easily be
understood by a person and
PROGRAMMING translated into codes that are
machine-readable.
LANGUAGE • This is the form of
communication that
programmers use to develop
applications, scripts, or other
sets of instructions for a
computer to execute.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING
• The first programming languages were invented even before
the modern computer was made.
• To program the computer, one must understand the binary
language or commonly known as machine language, which
relates electric switching 0 for off and 1 for on.
• First modern computers were created during the 1940s, and by
that time programmers are coding using the assembly
language. To convert assembly language into a language that is
readable by the computer, an assembler is used. The
Assembler is the world’s first software tool.
 1950s - Birth of High-Level Languages

1 2 3
1. FORTRAN (1957): 2. COBOL (1959): 3. LISP (1958): AI
First high-level Conference on Data research language. It
programming language. Systems Languages created
IBM developed the Formula the Common Business-
stands for List
Translating System, a Oriented Language, a Processing.
language that is used for programming language for
scientific processing. business use.
 1960s - Advancements and New Languages

2. BASIC (1964):
John G. Kemeny and Thomas E.
Kurtz invented the Beginner’s
All-purpose Symbolic
1. ALGOL (1960): Algorithmic Instruction Code (BASIC). It is 3. Simula (1967): First object-
language designed for timesharing and oriented language
was intended to make
programming easier for those
with less technical
background.
 1970s - Structured Programming

1. Pascal (1970): 2. SQL (1978): Structured

Nikolaus Wirth designed this and Query Language.
was intended to be a teaching
tool. Database management
 1970s - Structured Programming

3. B (1970): 4. C (1972): General-purpose

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie developed language. It is another
this language in Bell laboratories, which was
inspired by FORTRAN. Used to code systems programming language developed
and another language software. by Ritchie which was derived from
B and Pascal.
 1. C++ (1983): Extension of
C
1980s - Object-
2. Objective-C (1984): Apple
Oriented development
Programming
3. Perl (1987): Text
processing
 1. Python (1991):
General-purpose 3. JavaScript (1995):
language Web development

1990s - Internet 1991 1995

and Scripting
Languages 1995 1995

2. Java (1995): 4. PHP (1995):

Platform- Server-side scripting
independent
language
 1. C# (2000): Microsoft development
2000s - Modern 2. Ruby (1995): Web applications
Programming
3. Swift (2014): Apple development
Languages
4. Kotlin (2011): Android development
 MACHINE
LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLY
CLASSIFICATION LANGUAGE
OF
HIGH-LEVEL
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE
OBJECT ORIENTED
OR EVENT-DRIVEN
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
  MACHINE
LANGUAGE
CLASSIFICATION • This is the only language that a
computer can understand.
OF • It only understand binary system
that uses two numbers, 0s and
PROGRAMMING 1s, known as the machine code.
• It is also called the lowest level
LANGUAGE programming language. Binary
numbers 0 and 1 represents
code, each of those digits is
called a bit. 0 is for off and 1 is
for on and through this, the CPU
executed the program
mechanically.
  ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
CLASSIFICATION • This is more advanced than the
machine language. It uses
OF Mnemonics in place of 0s and
1s to simplify the programmer’s
PROGRAMMING way of creating programs.
LANGUAGE • Mnemonics are memory aids.
Instead of using numbers, they
used English-like abbreviations
such as mov for move, mul for a
multiply operations, add for an
addition and so on.
  HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGE
• It allowed programmers to use
CLASSIFICATION English commands to carry out
OF instructions. Example are: BASIC,
COBOL, Pascal, FORTRAN, C, etc.
PROGRAMMING • This languages uses a translators,
interpreter or compiler.
LANGUAGE • An interpreter translates high-level
instructions into machine code, line
by line as the program is running,
while a compiler translates the
entire program into a machine
code before running the program.
  HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGE
• Procedure-oriented means
CLASSIFICATION that the instructions must be
OF properly sequenced for the
computer to process the tasks
PROGRAMMING correctly.
LANGUAGE • Systems such as payroll and
inventory were created using
the procedure-oriented
languages before the existence
of OOP.
  OBJECT-ORIENTED/
EVEN DRIVEN
PROGRAMMING
CLASSIFICATION LANGUAGES
OF • It emphasizes the creation of a
PROGRAMMING program on the objects
included in the user interface
LANGUAGE like buttons and scrollbars.
• GUI (Graphical User Interface),
let software user to interact
with objects like scrollbars and
buttons.
 PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS

• PLANNING
• CODING
• TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
• DOCUMENTATIONS
• MAINTENANCE
 1. Ada Lovelace (1843): First computer
programmer

2. Charles Babbage: Analytical Engine

Early
Beginnings 3. Alan Turing (1936): Turing Machine

4. John von Neumann: Stored-program

concept
 ADA LOVELACE (1843)

• An English mathematician and writer, is often

referred to as “the first programmer”
because she helped revolutionize the
trajectory of the computer industry. She is
considered the first person to recognize that
computers had a much larger potential than
mathematical calculation.
 CHARLES BABBAGE
(1830s)
• English mathematician and inventor
Charles Babbage is credited with
having conceived the first automatic
digital computer. During the mid-
1830s Babbage developed plans for
the Analytical Engine. Although it
was never completed, the Analytical
Engine would have had most of the
basic elements of the present-day
computer.
 ALAN TURING
(1936)
• Often considered the father of
modern computer science,
Alan Turing was famous for his
work developing the first
modern computers, decoding
the encryption of German
Enigma machines during the
second world war, and
detailing a procedure known as
the Turing Test, forming the
basis for artificial intelligence.
 JOHN VON
NEUMANN
• Described as the scientific genius
who pioneered the modern
computer, game theory, nuclear
deterrence, and more, John von
Neumann illuminated the fields
of pure and applied
mathematics, computer science,
physics, and economics.
 Computer programming has evolved significantly
over the years, from early theoretical concepts to
modern high-level languages.

Influential figures like Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing,

and John von Neumann have paved the way for
advancements in programming.

Conclusion Major programming languages have emerged,

each contributing to different aspects of
technology and development.

The future of programming continues to evolve

with new languages and paradigms.
 ALGORITHM
• Is a step-by-step procedure to solve problems. A guide for
installing new software, a manual for assembling appliances,
and even recipes are examples of algorithm.
• Algorithm makes the procedure more efficient as well as
consistent. It also helps in identifying decision points,
processes, and essential variables to solve the problem. A
programmer can also see and determine easily the errors in a
particular process using an algorithm.
 PSEUDOCODE
• A description of an algorithm or a computer program using
natural language.
• The aim of pseudocode is to make reading program easier,
some codes that are not essential for human understanding
are omitted.
• This language is commonly used in planning out the structure
of a program or a system, like the blueprint for creating a
house or a building.
 FLOWCHART
• It is also a description of an algorithm or a computer program.
• It also serves as the program’s blueprint during the Program
Development Process. The difference is that flowchart is a
graphical representation of it.
• It helps in the effective analysis of the problem as well as the
applications or a program’s maintenance, thus providing ease
in identifying potential improvements of the system or a
program.
 FLOWCHART

• It consists of seven (7) standard symbols namely:

Terminator, Process, Decision, On-page Connector, Off-
page Connector, Input/Output Operation, and Arrows.
Symbol Name Description
Terminator Signifies the beginning or the end of a program

Process Denotes a process to be done like addition or

assignment of a variable
Decision Indicates when a decision need to be made like
a yes/no or a true/false question.
Input/Output Signifies data input or output.
Operation
Arrow Indicates the logic flow’s direction. The default
is from left to right and top to bottom.
On-page Connector Use to connect flowcharts that exceed a single
page.
Off-page Connector Use the set of hyperlinks between two pages of
a flowchart or between a subprocess shape and
a separate flowchart page that shows the steps
in that sub-process