Module Code and Name:

GST05102 Supervisory Techniques

Management

 According to Harold Koontz, “Management is an art of getting things

done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an
art of creating an environment in which people can perform and
individuals and can co-operate towards attainment of group goals”.
 According to F.W. Taylor, “Management is an art of knowing what to do,
when to do and see that it is done in the best and cheapest way”.
 According to George R. Terry, “Management is a distinct process
consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling, performed
to determine and accomplish stated objective by the use of human
beings and other resources
Management: Concept Defined

Management is how businesses organize and direct workflow, operations,

and employees to meet company goals. The primary goal of management
is to create an environment that lets employees work efficiently and
productively
significance of Management

 Achieving Group Goals: Management encourages collaboration and

coordination amongst workers. A general control must be provided to the
organizational and personal objectives in order to favorably accomplish the aims.
 Increases Efficiency: Management improves productivity by managing
resources in a reliable conceivable way in order to decrease cost upscale potency.
 Create Dynamic organization: Management undertakes the conditions by
assuring that these variations are well accepted privately and that objection to
change is controlled.
 Achieving personal objectives: Management promotes leadership and
furnishes motivation to the employees to operate effectively in order to
accomplish their personal aims while working towards the organizational goals.
 Development of Society: Management helps in the enhancement of
community by manufacturing reliable quality commodities, establishing
employment chances and fostering innovative technologies.
Management Control -Defined

 Management control is a process of setting

objectives, planning, budgeting, implementing,
monitoring projects, analyzing results, and taking
corrective actions.
 The purpose of management control is to create
greater coherence within the organization and
enhance goal realization.
Significance of Management Control

 Guide to operations.
Control guides behavior towards organizational goals. Lack of control results in
errors behavior that may be detrimental to the goals. Control guides the
organization, measures progress towards goal and brings to light the
adjustments, if any required in day-today operatic.
Policy verification.
Control enables management to verify the quality of various plans. It may reveal
that, plans need to be redrawn or goals need to be modified. Changes in the
environment may render the original plans non-workable or deficient. Control
helps to review, revise and update the plans. Without watchful and feed- back-of
an, efficient control system even the best plans may not work out as expected
 Significance of Management Control
…

 Without watchful and feed- back-of an, efficient control system even the best
plans may not work out as expected. Management control also provides the
information by which managers can judge whether their targets-are still
appropriate in the changed environment.

 Managerial accountability.
When a manager assigns some activities and delegate’s authority to his
subordinates, he remains responsible for ultimate performance. Therefore, a
manager should check up the performance of subordinates to ensure that they
are utilizing the delegated authority in the-desired manner. In this way-
control enables managers to discharge their responsibilities and at the same
time delegate authority.
 Significance of Management Control
…

 Employee morale.
Control creates an atmosphere of order and discipline in the organization.
Absence of control leads to a lowering of morale amount employees
because they cannot predict what will happen to them. They become the
victims of the bias and repression of the superior.
 Psychological pressure.
The existence of a sound control system inspiring employees to work hard
and give better performance. When they know that they performance is
being judged and their rewards are linked to such appraisal, the, try to
contribute their best efforts.
 Significance of Management Control
…

 Efficiency and effectiveness.

Control contributes to the efficiency of operations by focusing on goal
accomplishment. Without control, managers will not be able to check on
subordinates progress towards the targets and take corrective actions until
after failure has occurred. A sound control system enables, managers to
detect and correct mistakes before they become serious.
 Significance of Management Control
…

 Co-ordination in action.
According to George Terry, “Controlling helps ensure that actions proceed
according to plans, that proper direction is taken, and that the various
factors are maintained in their correct inter-relationships, so that adequate
consideration is attained.” Control provides unity of efforts. It enables
managers to command the organization instead of being its victims.
Functions of Management

 The functions of management work together in the creation, execution

and realization of organizational goals. The four functions of
management can be considered a process where each function builds
on the previous function.
 Functions of Management &
Interrelationship between them
Planning

Organizing Staffing

Leading
Controlling
Functions of Management …….

 Planning is the Process of ascertaining in advance what is supposed to

be done and who has to do it. This signifies establishing goals in
advance and promoting a way of delivering them effectively and
efficiently.
 Organising is the administrative operation of specifying grouping
tasks, duties, authorising power and designating resources needed to
carry out a particular system. Once a definite plan has been set for the
completion of an organisational intent, the organising party reviews the
actions and resources expected to execute the program. It ascertains
what actions and resources are needed. It determines who will do a
distinct job, where and when it will be done.
 Functions of Management …….

 Staffing is obtaining the best resources for the right job. A significant
perspective of management is to make certain that the appropriate
people with the apt skills are obtainable in the proper places and times
to achieve the goals of the company.
 This is also called the human resource operations and it includes
activities such as selection, placement, recruitment and coaching of
employees.
 Functions of Management …….

 Directing involves directing, leading and encouraging the employees

to complete the tasks allocated to them. This entails building an
environment that inspires employees to do their best. Motivation and
leadership are 2 chief elements of direction. Directing also includes
communicating efficiently as well as managing employees at the
workplace. Motivating workers means simply building an atmosphere
that urges them to want to work. Leadership is inspiring others to do
what the manager wants them to do.
 Functions of Management …….

 Controlling entails the process of controlling organisational

achievement towards the accomplishment of organisational goals. The
job of controlling comprises ascertaining criteria of performance,
computing the current performance, comparing this with organised
rules and taking remedial action where any divergence is observed.
Here management should ascertain what activities and outputs are
important to progress, how and where they can be regulated and who
should have the power to take remedial response
Levels of Management

Levels of management refer to the hierarchy of job positions of

organizations representing authority, responsibility and for maintaining
relationships.
 Generally, there are three levels of management which are:
Levels of Management

 Top Level Managers

They comprise of the senior-most executives of the company. They are
normally regarded as the Chairman, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the
Chief Operating Officer (COO), President and Vice-president (VP). Top
management is a team consisting of managers from various operational
levels, managing marketing, finance, etc., For instance, Chief Finance
Officer (CFO), whose primary task is to combine various components and
regulate the actions of different units according to the overall objectives of
the company.
 Levels of Management…

 These top-level managers are accountable for the progress and

continuation of the establishment. They investigate the trading
atmosphere and its connections for the survival of the company. They
form the overall organisational aims and approaches for their
accomplishment. They are held responsible for all the pursuits of the
company and for its influence on the society.
 Levels of Management…

 Middle Level Management

They connect top and lower level managers. They are lower to the top
managers and above to the first line managers. They are normally called
as division heads, for instance, Production Manager. Middle management
is accountable for executing and regulating systems and directions
generated by the top managers
At the same time, they are liable for all the actions of the first-line
managers. Their principal task is to bring out the plans formed by the top
managers. For this purpose, they have to:
 Levels of Management…

At the same time, they are liable for all the actions of the first-line
managers. Their principal task is to bring out the plans formed by the top
managers. For this purpose, they have to:
 Understand the procedures outlined by the top management
 Guarantee that their staff has the required workers
 Designate certain tasks and duties to them, and drive them to
accomplish the aspired objectives.
 Interact with other departments for the stable operation of the
company. At the same time, they are subject to all the actions of the
first-line managers.
 Levels of Management…

 Lower Level Management

 Managers and supervisors make up the lower level of the management
in the hierarchy of the business. Supervisors immediately manage the
efforts of the workforce. Their power and ability are defined according
to the maps drawn by the top management.
 Supervisory management performs a significant task in the system
since they coordinate with the genuine workforce and move in
directions of the middle management to the employees. Through their
efforts the worth of the output is reported, wastage of substances is
reduced, and security measures are affirmed.
 Organizational Control

Feed forward

Concurrent &

Feedback
 Organizational Control

 Feed-Forward controls
Involve identifying and preventing problems in an organization before they
occur. Feedforward controls are proactive and preventative. They are
helpful to managers because they allow a manager to plan work
effectively; they can regulate resources like employees, raw materials and
capital ahead of time. This means that future problems can be avoided.
Although feedforward controls can be costly and can slow down the
planning process, they help to avoid problems later on.
 Organizational Control…

 Concurrent controls
Involve identifying and preventing problems in an organization as they
occur. This means that systems are monitored in real time. Concurrent
controls begin with standards and all employee activity is measured
against the standard. Usually these include quality control standards. This
means that products and services can be checked as they are being
produced or performed to be sure that the highest quality product or
service is being produced or provided. Concurrent controls are important
because they occur in real time.
 Organizational Control…

 Concurrent controls
Involve identifying and preventing problems in an organization as they
occur. This means that systems are monitored in real time. Concurrent
controls begin with standards and all employee activity is measured
against the standard. Usually these include quality control standards. This
means that products and services can be checked as they are being
produced or performed to be sure that the highest quality product or
service is being produced or provided.
 Organizational Control…

 Feedback control
Is a process used by managers to assess the performance of the team. It
helps to determine the performance of an individual member of the team.
The implementation of the feedback control puts the manager in a position
to lead the team effectively.
In other words, feedback control is a system of control that helps
managers to control and monitor the performance of a team by providing
feedback.
 Organizational Control…

The feedback control compares the performance/output of the team with a

set goal or expected performance. This gives a clear expectation from the
team.
All effective control systems involve the use of feedback to determine
whether organizational performance meets established standards to help
the organization attain its goals.
Organizational Control…
Controlling

According to Brech, Controlling is a systematic process of checking

actual performance against the standards or plans with a view to ensure
adequate progress and also recording such experience as is gained as a
contribution to possible future needs.

Controlling is a primary goal-oriented function of management in an

organization. It is a process of comparing the actual performance with the
set standards of the company to ensure that activities are performed
according to the plans and if not then taking corrective action.