Managing Cisco IOS Software

Stages of the Router Power-on Boot Sequence POST Test the router hardware
Bootstrap
Flash TFTP ROM

Cisco Internetwork Operating System

NVRAM TFTP Console

Find and load the Cisco IOS software into RAM

Configuration File

Find and apply configuration statements, including protocol functions and interface addresses

How a Cisco Device Locates and Loads The router uses boot system commands saved in NVRAM to locate the IOS IOS.
Different settings in the terminal Router#configure configuration register enable the several alternatives: Router(config)# Boot system flash c4500-p-mz_111-18.bin Router(config)# Boot system tftp c4500-1.bin 192.168.1.7 Router(config)# Boot system rom Do 5.1.3 Router(config)# exit e-Lab Router#copy running-config startup-config
After it is reloaded, the router will try these commands in the order they were entered. The order in which the router looks for system bootstrap information depends on the boot field setting in the configuration register. The default configuration register setting can be changed with the following command: Router(config)#config-register 0x2142 Do 5.1.4 Hexadecimal number e-Lab

Configuration Register To view the current values of the configuration register: Boot Field version Router# show
..<output omitted>.. Configuration register is 0x2102 The configuration register is a 16-bit register in NVRAM. Note: the notation 0x informs us that the following number is a hexadecimal number. From the example, Hex 2142 is 0010.0001.0000.0010 in binary.

The lowest four bits of the configuration register form the boot field.
Configuration register is 0x2102

Setting 0xnnn0 0xnnn1 0xnnn2

Description
Enter ROM monitor mode on reload. Boot automatically from ROM. Use boot system commands in NVRAM, this is the default.

0x2142: the system will not load the configuration file.

Troubleshooting IOS Boot On boot the router checks the configuration file for a boot system statement. Failure are typically caused by any of the following: Boot problems

Configuration file has missing or incorrect boot system statement Incorrect configuration register value Corrupted flash image Hardware failure
Router# show version

To identify the boot image source:

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-D-M), Version 12.2(16a), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2) ..<output omitted>.. ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.1(3r)T2, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Router uptime is 1 minute System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash:c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin"

Troubleshooting IOS Boot If the router Failure has a corrupted flash image file an error message
should be displayed during boot. Some examples are:
open: read error...requested 0x4 bytes, got 0x0 trouble reading device magic number boot: cannot open "flash:" boot: cannot determine first file name on device "flash:"

If the flash image is corrupt, a new IOS should be uploaded into the router.

The router could have a hardware failure. If so, the Cisco TAC should be contacted.

Do 5.1.5 e-Lab

IOS File System Overview

1. The two types of software required are _________________ and operating system configuration _____________. 2. The ___________ is software that allows the hardware to function as a Cisco IOS router or switch. 3. The configuration contains the instructions that define how the device is to _________________. route or switch 4. A ____________________ creates the configuration that defines the network administrator desired functionality of the Cisco device. 5. The IOS is stored in a memory area called _______. flash 6. The flash allows the IOS to be _________ or stores _____________ files. upgraded multiple IOS 7. The IOS is copied into and run from ______. RAM 8. A copy of the configuration file is stored in ________. NVRAM 9. This is referred to as the ______________. startup-config 10. The startup configuration is copied into RAM at _________. boot time 11. This configuration in RAM is the configuration used to _______ the router. operate 12. It is referred to as the _____________. running-config 13. Beginning with version 12, the ______________________ provides a Cisco IOS File System single method to perform all file system management. 14. The IFS uses ______ to specify files on network devices and the network. URLs

IOS Naming Convention

Platform Feature Set Binary file
System image file is "flash:c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin"

Located in Flash

File Format

IOS Version number

Examples of feature-set categories are: Basic Plus Encryption (designated by k8 or k9 in IOS 12.2 and later)
The file format specifies if the IOS is compressed in flash and if the IOS is relocatable. A relocatable image is copied from flash into RAM to run. A non-relocatable image is run directly from flash. As Cisco develops newer versions of the IOS, the numerical version number increases.

5.2.3 Lab Managing configuration files using TFTP

To store the current configuration on a network TFTP server enter the following command:

My# copy running-config tftp Remote host []? 131.108.2.155 Name of configuration file to write[my-config]? My2 Write file My2 to 131.108.2.155 ? [confirm] y Writing My2 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK]

A configuration file stored on one of the network servers can be used to configure a router:
Router# copy tftp running-config Host or network configuration file [host]? IP address of remote host[255.255.255.255]? 10.0.0.13 Name of configuration file [Router-config] ? My2 Configure using My2 from 10.0.0.13? [confirm] y Booting My2 from 10.0.0.13: !!!!!! [OK-180/16000 bytes]

Managing Configuration Files using To capture the configuration from HyperTerminal to a text file: Capture and Send Text Select Transfer Capture
1. 2.

Specify a name for the text file to capture the output to 3. Select Start to start capturing text Now all that appears on the screen will be written to the text file. 4. Display the configuration with a show running-config 5. To stop the capture select Transfer Capture Text Stop After the capture is complete, the configuration file needs to be edited to remove extra text, to add commands or to add comments with a !. HyperTerminal can be used to restore a configuration. The edited backup of the configuration can be copied into the router: 1. Enter router global configuration mode. 2. From HyperTerminal, click on Transfer > Send Text File. 3. Select the name of the saved configuration file. 4. The lines of the file will be entered into the router as if they were being typed at the CLI. Observe any errors.

5.2.5 Lab Managing IOS Images using Occasionally the router will need to have the IOS upgraded or TFTP On a new router the IOS should be backed up. restored. Nescot01# copy tftp flash Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.17 Source filename []? c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin Destination filename [c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin]? Accessing tftp://192.168.1.17/c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin Erase Flash: before copying? [confirm] Erasing the flash file system will remove all files Continue? [confirm] Erasing device eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.. Erased Loading c2600-d-mz.122-16a.bin from 192.168.1.17 (via FastEthernet 0/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Verifying checksum .. .. .. ..OK [OK 8906598 bytes] 8906598 bytes copied in 270.12 secs

Recovering IOS Images

To identify why the IOS image did not load from flash:
1. Check to see if an image is available in flash:
ROM monitor mode

rommon 1> dir flash: rommon 1> boot flash:c2600-is-mz.121-5

2. If a valid image is present try to boot it: 3. If router now boots properly check the configuration register: Router# show version

4. If the configuration register value is correct check for boot system commands: Router# show startup-config
If the router will not properly boot from the image or there is no IOS image, a new IOS will need to be downloaded. The IOS file may be recovered using either:

Xmodem to restore the image through the console TFTP from the rommon mode

Download through theXmodem from rommon using console you need: To restore the IOS > Copy of the IOS file on a PC.
1. 2.

Terminal emulation program such as HyperTerminal. Changing the baud rate from 9600 bps to 115200 bps speeds up the download. To change console speed from rommon: rommon 1> confreg Configuration Summary ..<output omitted>.. Console baud: 9600 Boot: the ROM Monitor Do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y Enable diagnostic mode y/n [n]: ..<output omitted>.. Change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y Enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400 4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [0]: 7
Note: After changing the console speed and restarting the router in rommon mode, the original terminal session at 9600 bps should be terminated and a new session started to match the 115200 bps console speed.

Download using Xmodem from rommon >

The xmodem command can be used from the rommon mode to restore the IOS software image from the PC: Use CRC for error checking during the download Rommon 1> xmodem -c c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin Do not start sending program yet Warning: All existing data in bootflash will be lost! Invoke this application only for disaster recovery. Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y Ready to receive file c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin . . . Next, In HyperTerminal select Transfer > Send File. 1. Specify the image name/location 2. select Xmodem as the protocol 3. start the transfer. During the transfer the Sending File popup will display the status of the transfer. On completion, return config-register and HyperTerminal settings to normal.

TFTP and Environment Downloading the image using TFTP from rommon is the fastest way to Variables to the router. This is done by setting environmental restore an IOS image
variables and then using the tftpdnld command: rommon 1> ip_address=10.0.0.1 rommon 2> ip_subnet_mask=255.255.255.0 rommon 3> default_gateway=10.0.0.254 rommon 4> tftp_server=192.168.1.1 rommon 5> tftp_file=GAD/basic0204/c2600-I-mz.12-1.bin rommon 6> set IP_ADDRESS=10.0.0.1 IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0 DEFAULT_GATEWAY=10.0.0.254 TFTP_SERVER=192.168.1.1 TFTP_FILE=GAD/basic0204/c2600-i-mz.12-1.bin rommon 7> tftpdnld ..<output omitted>.. Receiving GAD/basic0204/c2600-I-mz.12-1.bin from 192.168.1.1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! File reception completed

Thanks

Tarun Rawat

NESCOT CATC

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