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Week 02 - CSF4203 Data Communication Fundamentals

Chapter 5 discusses the fundamentals of data communication, focusing on the differences between analog and digital data and signals. It covers transmission methods, advantages of digital transmission, data encoding techniques, and error control processes. The chapter emphasizes the importance of modulation and demodulation in encoding and decoding information for effective communication.

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Saqib Ahmed Khan
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2 views24 pages

Week 02 - CSF4203 Data Communication Fundamentals

Chapter 5 discusses the fundamentals of data communication, focusing on the differences between analog and digital data and signals. It covers transmission methods, advantages of digital transmission, data encoding techniques, and error control processes. The chapter emphasizes the importance of modulation and demodulation in encoding and decoding information for effective communication.

Uploaded by

Saqib Ahmed Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5

Data Communication
Fundamentals
Analog and Digital Data
Communications
The way in which the electromagnetic signals are encoded to
convey data determines the efficiency and reliability of the
transmission

Data Signal
Entities that convey Electric or
meaning or information electromagnetic
Transmission representation of data
The communication of
Signaling
data across a computer
The physical propagation
of the signal along a
network by the communication medium
propagation and
processing
of signals
Analog Data/Digital Data
Analog data
Continuous values on some interval
Voice and video
Data collected by sensors, such as temperature and
pressure
Digital data
Discrete values
Text, integers, binary data

Signals are used to encode and transmit data


Analog Signals/Digital Signals
Analog signal
Continuously varying electromagnetic wave that may
be transmitted over both guided and unguided media
Digital signal
Sequence of voltage pulses
Generally cheaper than analog signaling
Less susceptible to noise interference
Suffer more from attenuation than analog signals
Cannot be used on optical fiber or wireless media
Analog and
Digital
Signaling
of
Analog and
Digital Data
Analog Data Digital Data
 
Analog Signal Analog Signal
Modem
Transmitter (modulator/demodulator)
technologies use Coverts binary voltage pulses by
modulating a carrier frequency
modulation Demodulates the signal to recover
techniques that the original data at the other end
enable sound and/or Codec (coder/decoder)
video waveforms to Takes an analog signal and
approximates that signal by a bit
be conveyed as stream
electromagnetic At the other end of a line the bit
waveforms over wires stream is used to
reconstruct the
or airwaves analog data
Combination Benefits
Digital data, Analog data, Digital data, Analog data,
digital signal digital signal analog signal analog signal
• The • Conversion • Some • Analog data
equipment of analog transmission are easily
for encoding data to media, such converted to
digital data digital form as optical an analog
into a digital permits the fiber and signal
signal is less use of satellite, only
complex and modern propagate
less digital analog
expensive transmission signals
than digital- and
to-analog switching
equipment equipment
Transmission Choices
Analog transmission
Only transmits analog signals, without regard for data
content
Attenuation overcome with amplifiers
Signal is not evaluated or regenerated
Digital transmission
Transmits analog or digital signals
Uses repeaters rather than amplifiers
Switching equipment evaluates and regenerates signal
Advantages of Digital
Transmission
Cost – large scale and very large scale integration
has caused continuing drop in cost
Data Integrity – effect of noise and other
impairments is reduced
Capacity Utilization – high capacity is more easily
and cheaply achieved with time division rather
than frequency division
Security and Privacy – Encryption possible
Integration – All signals (voice, video, image, data)
treated the same
Data Encoding Techniques
Analog or digital data must be converted into a signal for purposes of
transmission

The mapping from binary digits to signal elements is the encoding


scheme for transmission

The basis for analog encoding is a continuous constant frequency


signal known as the carrier signal

Modulation
The conversion of digital signals to analog form

Demodulation
The conversion of analog data signals back to
Figure 5.2

Modulation
of Analog
Signals for
Digital Data
Modems
Continue to be one of the most widely used pieces
of communications gear
Is a device that modulates an analog carrier wave to
encode digital information
Also demodulates the signals it receives to decode
transmitted information
Direct broadcast satellite, Wi-Fi, and mobile phones
use modems to communicate
Three popular types are:
Voice-grade
Cable
ADSL
Figure
5.3

Cable
Modems
Figure
5.4
ADSL
Modem
Application
Figure
5.5

Fiber
to the
Home
Figure
5.7

Examples
of Digital
Signal
Encoding
Schemes
Analog Encoding
of Analog Information
Voice-generated sound wave can be represented by an
electromagnetic signal with the same frequency
components and transmitted on a voice-grade
telephone line
Modulation can produce a new analog signal that
conveys the same information but occupies a different
frequency band
A higher frequency may be needed for effective
transmission
Analog-to-analog modulation permits frequency-division
multiplexing
Figure
5.8

Sine-Wave
Signals
Synchronous Transmission
Clocks of transmitter and receiver
must somehow be synchronized
Block of bits transmitted in a • Provide a separate clock line between Each block begins with a preamble
transmitter and receiver - - - works well
steady stream without start and over short distances bit pattern and generally ends
stop codes • Embed the clocking information in the with a postamble bit pattern
data signal

Involves the use of a data link


The data plus preamble, control procedure which
postamble, and control automatically detects
information are called a frame transmission error and causes a
frame in error to be retransmitted
Error Control Process
All transmission media have potential for
introduction of errors
All data link layer protocols must provide a
method for controlling errors
Error control process has two components
Error detection
Redundancy introduced so that the occurrence of an
error will be detected
Error correction
Receiver and transmitter cooperate to retransmit frames
that were in error
Parity Checks

The ability of
parity checking to
Bit added to each
detect errors is
character to make Noise impulses
dependent on the
all bits add up to Good for are often long
total number of
an even number detecting single- enough to
bits corrupted by
(even parity) or bit errors only destroy more
noise impulses
odd number than one bit
and the parity
(odd parity)
convention that is
used
Table 5.6
Data and Signal Combinations
Summary  Asynchronous
 Analog and digital data transmission
communications  Synchronous
 Data encoding
transmission
techniques  Error detection
 Analog encoding of  The need for error
digital information control
 Digital encoding of  Parity checks
analog information
 Cyclic redundancy
 Digital encoding of
digital data
check
 Analog encoding of
analog information
Chapter 5: Data Communication Fundamentals

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