Teacher: ANEGYN S.

JAGONIA
Learning Competency
represents real-life situations
using functions, including piece-
wise functions.
In everyday life, many quantities depend on one or more
changing variables. For example:
(a) Plant growth depends on
sunlight and rainfall
(b) Speed depends on distance
travelled and time taken
(c) Voltage depends on current and
resistance
(d) Test marks depend on attitude,
listening in lectures and doing
tutorials (among many other
variables!!)
How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?

Activity 1: Pictures Analysis

Observe the pictures below and answer the questions
1. What concepts of functions can you associate with
the pictures?
2. How these concepts are used indifferent
situations?
3. Can you determine any purpose why these
concepts are present in the pictures? Please specify.
4. Can you cite any problem which can be answered
through these concepts?
Describe at least one.
5. How can challenging problems involving functions
be analyzed and solved?
A function DOMAIN
is a rule INPUT
that relates INDEPENDENT
how one
quantity
depends on
other
quantities.
RANGE
OUTPUT
DEPENDENT
Example 2

X+2=Y
Consider this Example:
A particular electrical circuit has a power
source and an 8 ohms (Ω) resistor. The
voltage in that circuit is given by:

V = 8I, where V = voltage (in volts, V), I =

current (in amperes, A)

So if I = 4 amperes, then the voltage is V = 8

× 4 = 32 volts.

If I increases, so does the voltage, V.

If I decreases, so does the voltage, V.
FUNCTION is defined as “a
relation in which each element of
the domain corresponds to
exactly one element of the range”
Directions: Determine whether or not
each relation is a function. Write
FUNCTION if it is a function and NOT A
FUNCTION if it is not.

1) {(1,2),
Input (2,5), (3,10), (4,17)}
Output 4.)
1 2
2) . 2 4
3 6

3) . 5.)
Relation is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain of a relation is the
set of first coordinates.
The range is the set of second
coordinates.
 LETTER NUMBER
I 4
L 5
O 6
V 8
E 3
M 6
A 2
T 8
H 4

{
( I , 4 ), ( L , 5) ,( O , 6 ) , ( V , 8) , ( E , 3) ,
( M , 6 ) , ( A , 2 ) , (T , 8 ) ,( H , 4) }
Function is defined as a relationship
between two sets that associates
each element of the first set to one
and only one element in the second
set.
A one-to-one and many-to-one
relations are considered functions,
but not one-to-many.
one-to-many
Thus, all functions are relations,
but not all relations are
functions.
Characteristics of a function.
1. Each element in domain X must be matched
with exactly one element in range Y.

2. Some elements in Y may not be matched

with any element in X.
3. Two or more elements in X may be matched
with the same element in Y.
Ways to describe or represent a
function.
1. Set of ordered pairs
2. Mapping Diagram
3. Table of values
4. Graph
5. Rule or Correspondence
6. Equation
Not every set of ordered pairs
defines a function. Similarly, not
all equations with the variables x
and y define a function. If an
equation is solved for y and more
than one value of y can be obtained
for a particular value of x, then the
equation does not define y as a
function of x.
Note: When finding the domain
and range of a function involving:
1. A radical with an even index
Radicand must be non-negative.
Hence, the radicand must be
greater than or equal to zero.
2. A fraction
Denominator must not be equal to
zero.
VERTICAL LINE TEST
a graph represents a function if
and only if no vertical line
intersects the graph in more
than one point.
VERTICAL LINE TEST
a graph represents a function if and only if no vertical
line intersects the graph in more than one point.
Some commonly known functions are;
Linear – graph is a straight line
Quadratic – the graph is a curve line,
parabola.
Trigonometric - functions of angles.
Exponential – shows how many
times to multiply the base by
itself. (53 = 5*5*5 = 25*5 =125)
Logarithmic - the inverse of an
exponential function.
RECAP
Linear Function
A function f is a linear
function if f(x) = mx + b,
where m and b are real
numbers, and x and f(x) are
not both equal to zero.
Write a Function Rule

In many situations, data is collected by

conducting a survey or an experiment.
To visualize the data, it is arranged into
a table. Most often, a function rule is
needed to predict additional values of
the independent variable.
 Example
Try to notice the trend of each variable.

Number
2 4 6 8 10
of CDs

Cost 2 48 72 96 12
(Php) 4 0
 Example
Try to notice the trend of each variable.

Number of 2 4 6 8 10
CDs

Cost (Php) 24 48 72 96 120

Solution:

You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs,

and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That means that each CD
costs Php 12.

We can write the function rule.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 12 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷𝑠 or C(𝒙) =

𝟏𝟐𝒙
 Example
Write a function rule for the table.

𝒙 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑

𝒚 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
 Example
Write a function rule for the table.
𝒙 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑

𝒚 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑

Solution:
The values of the dependent variable are
always the corresponding positive
outcomes of the input values. This
relationship has a special name, the

this: f(𝒙) = |𝒙|.

absolute value. The function rule looks like
Representing a Real-World Situation with a
Function
Example

Maya has an internet service that

$11.95 and a connection fee of

currently has a monthly access fee of

$0.50 per hour. Represent her

monthly cost as a function of
connection time.
Representing a Real-World Situation with a
Function
Example

access fee of $11.95 and a connection fee of $0.50 per hour.

Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly

Represent her monthly cost as a function of connection time.

Let 𝑥 = the number of hours Maya spends on the

Solution:

internet in one month.

𝑦 = Maya’s monthly cost.
The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of
$0.50.
The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of
hours. The function is _____________________
Important Concepts.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from
a set of inputs and the second from the set of
outputs.
Functions are rules that relate only one value from
the set of outputs to a value from the set of inputs.
The domain of a relation is the set of all possible
values that the variable x can take.
Some situations can only be described by
more than one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.

Piecewise Functions.
Functions can also be in
pieces called piecewise
functions.
Some situations can only
be described by more
than one formula,
depending on the value
of the independent
variable.
A piecewise function is a mathematical
function that is defined by different
expressions or rules for different parts of
its domain.
Instead of having a single equation to
describe the entire domain, a
piecewise function consists of multiple
equations, each applied to specific
intervals or “pieces” of the domain.
This allows you to create complex
functions that behave differently in
different regions.
 Functions as representations of real-life
situations.

Example
Problem:
A scientist is studying the growth
of bacteria in a laboratory culture. The
bacteria population doubles every hour. If
the initial number of bacteria is 500,
(a) how many bacteria will there be after 5
hours?
(b) After how many hours will the bacteria
reach 8,000?
 Functions as representations of real-life
situations.

Solutions
Let n(t) = the number of bacteria
= initial bacteria = 500
t = time

The function is

(a) how many bacteria will there be after 5 hours?

(b) After how many hours will the bacteria reach
8,000?
 Example 1.
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly
for a particular mobile plan, which
includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 100 are
charged P1 each. Represent the

using the function 𝑡(𝑚), where m

monthly cost for text messaging

is the number of messages sent

in a month.
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a
Example 1.

particular mobile plan, which includes 100

free text messages. Messages in excess of
100 are charged P1 each. Represent the

function 𝑡(𝑚), where m is the number of

monthly cost for text messaging using the

messages sent in a month.

Solution.
𝑡 ( 𝑚) =
{ 300 𝑖𝑓 0<𝑚 ≤ 100
300+ ( 𝑚 − 100 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑚>100
Example:
A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per
piece. However, if you buy more than 10
pieces, they will be marked down to a
price of P32.00 per piece. Use a
piecewise function to represent the cost
in terms of the number of chocolate bars
bought.
Example II. 🚗 Problem: Toll Fee
Based on Vehicle Weight
An automated toll gate charges vehicles
based on their weight (in kilograms):
• Vehicles weighing 2,000 kg or less are
charged ₱100.
• Vehicles weighing more than 2,000 kg
but not more than 5,000 kg are charged
₱100 plus ₱5 per 100 kg over 2,000 kg.
• Vehicles weighing more than 5,000 kg
are charged a flat fee of ₱300.
Example II. 🚗 Problem: Toll Fee
Based on Vehicle Weight
An automated toll gate charges vehicles based on their
weight (in kilograms):
• Vehicles weighing 2,000 kg or less are charged ₱100.
• Vehicles weighing more than 2,000 kg but not more than
5,000 kg are charged ₱100 plus ₱5 per 100 kg over 2,000
kg.
• Vehicles weighing more than 5,000 kg are charged a flat
fee of ₱300.
Represent this situation using a
piecewise function T(w), where w
is the weight of the vehicle in
kilograms. Then, calculate the toll
fee for a vehicle that weighs 4,600
kg.
 ACTIVITY
1. When diving in the ocean, you must consider how
much pressure you will experience from diving a
certain depth. From the atmosphere, we experience
14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) and for every foot
we dive down into the ocean, we experience another
0.44 psi in pressure.

a. Write a function expressing how pressure

changes depending on depth underwater.
b. How far can you dive without experiencing more
than 58.7 psi of pressure on your body?
 ACTIVITY
2. Problem: Water Tank Filling
An engineering student is testing a
water tank filling system. Water flows into
the tank at a constant rate of 5 liters per
minute. The tank already contains 20 liters
of water.
a. Write a function W(t) that represents
the amount of water in the tank after t
minutes.
b. How much water will the tank contain
after 12 minutes?
c. After how many minutes will the tank
contain 80 liters?
Example 1.
Mrs. Jagonia opens a retirement
account and is starting with ₱5,000.
She plans to add ₱ 2,000 each month
to the account. Make an equation that
describes the amount of money in the
account each month. Identify the
independent and dependent variables.

How much money does Mrs. Jagonia

have after 6 months? 1 year?
ACTIVITY 1
Mrs. Tigley wants to create a
library of books in her classroom.
She is starting with 12 books. She
plans to buy 3 new books each
week. Create an equation that
describes the number of books
Mrs. Tigley has each week.
How many books does Mrs. Tigley
have after 5 weeks? 10 weeks?
ACTIVITY 2
If Charls pays ₱2,000.00 in
advance on his account at the
movie store. Every time he rents a
movie, ₱50.00 is deducted from his
account for every movie rented.
Write a linear function that models
the value remaining in his account
after renting x movies. Find the
value remaining after renting 6
movies.
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
A function f is a quadratic function if
where a, b, c are numbers with a not
equal to zero.
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
Find an equation for the
parabola below.
Activity
Determine the equation of the
following.
1.
Activity
Determine the equation of the
following.
1. Cj kicked a soccer ball in to the
air across the field. The ball
reaches a maximum height of 64
feet 2 seconds after it was kicked.
The ball hits the ground 4 seconds
after it was kicked. At what time(s)
is the ball 48 feet in the air?
Activity
Determine the equation of the
following.
2. A bridge shaped like a parabolic
arch has a horizontal distance of
20 feet. The center and highest
point of the arch is 5 feet above
the ground. What is the height of
the bridge at a point 5 feet from
the center?
Simple Recall
1) Write the vertex form of Quadratic
function.
Simple Recall
1) Write the vertex form of Quadratic
function.
2) In the equation determine the
vertex.
Simple Recall
1) Write the vertex form of Quadratic
function.
2) In the equation determine the
vertex.
3) In the equation the slope is
_________.
Simple Recall
1) Write the vertex form of Quadratic
function.
2) In the equation determine the
vertex.
3) In the equation the slope is
_________.
4) In the equation the parabola
opens ___________.
Simple Recall
1) Write the vertex form of Quadratic
function.
2) In the equation determine the vertex.
3) In the equation the slope is _________.
4) In the equation the parabola opens
___________.
5) In the equation , determine the
following:
a) vertex
b) maximum/minimum value
c) axis of symmetry
 Example 2.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for
the first 4 kilometers, and each
additional integer kilometer adds
P1.50 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent
the jeepney fare in terms of the
distance (d) in kilometers where
the floor function is applied.
Example 2.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4
kilometers, and each additional integer
kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the
jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in
kilometers.
input value distance
output cost of the jeepney fare
If f(𝑑) represents the fare as a function of distance,
the function can be represented as follows:
Example 2.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4
kilometers, and each additional integer
kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the
jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in
kilometers where the floor function is
applied

Note that ⌊𝑑⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor

e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = 4; ⌊4.9⌋ = 4

function gives the largest integer less than or equal to d,
Example 3.
Sketch the graph of the given piecewise
function.
ACTIVITY 1
You are a crew at ACTS 12:7
Convenience Store that pays an
hourly wage of ₱ 45.00 and 1.5
times the hourly wage for the
extra hours if you work for more
than 40 hours a week.
a) Write a piecewise function that
gives the weekly pay P in terms
of the number of hours h you
work.
ACTIVITY 2
Graph the piecewise function
below.

{
2
h ( 𝑥 )= 3 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =0
2
𝑥 + 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 >0
An internet café has a flat rate of
15 pesos for the first hour of
playing, surfing and the like. An
additional of 5 pesos for every
hour excess afterwards. Construct
a mathematical model of the
charge c(x) where x represents the
total number of hours of playing in
the internet café.
ACTIVITIES