Presentation Title

IP CLASSES
IP SUBNETTING
IP SUPERNETTING
 GROUP MEMBERS
BAKHTAWAR FAROOQ
(10-Arid-91)
AMJID ALI
(10-Arid-80)
FAHAD BIN TARIQ
(10-Arid-94)
MUHAMMAD ASAD TANWEER
(10-Arid-211)
 What is an IP address?
• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical
label assigned to each device participating in a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.

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 What is an IP address?
– An IP address is 32 bits in size
– Every IP address is grouped into four 8-bit octets
– Octets are separated by decimal points

Example:

206 . 40 . 185 . 73
11001110.00101000. 10111001.01001001
 Example
140.179.220.200

Written in binary form:

140 .179 .220 .200

10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000
We see the address in the decimal form
Your computer sees it in the binary form
 What is an IP address?

• Valid addresses can range from 0.0.0.0 to

255.255.255.255

WHY?

Because 11111111 = 25510

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 IP: IP Classes
• IP Subnetting
• Supernetting

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 IP Addressing
• IP Addressing (cont.)
– Each address consists of two parts: network and host
– The network portion of an address indicates whether the device
belongs to a Class A, B, C, D, or E network
– Some octet number are reserved for special functions
• Dotted decimal notation
– “Shorthand” convention used to represent IP addresses and make
them more easily readable by people

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 IP Address Breakdowns:
• The class of the address determines, by default,
which part is for the network (N) and which part
belongs to the node (n)
Class A:
NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
Class B:
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
Class C:
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnn
 Network Classes

FIGURE 11-1 IP addresses and their classes

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Class ranges for Internet addresses
 Class A
• Class A
– Addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal
– Class A addresses would have the following format:
• NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
• There is one octet which defines the network address,
and three which defines the node address
• Used for networks with more than 65,536 hosts (up to
16777214 hosts)
 Class A
• IP Address Bit Patterns
1 2-8 9 – 32 (24 bits)
Bit #
Class A: Network
0 Host #
#

8 16 24 32

Number of hosts: 224 -2 = 16,777,214

 Class B
• Addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191
• Format
– NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn
• There are two octets which define the network address and
two which define the node address
• Used for networks that have between 256 and 65,534 hosts
 IP addressing
• IP Address Bit Patterns
1 2 3 - 16 17 – 32 (16 bits)
Bit #
Class B: 1 Network
0 Host #
#

8 16 24 32

Number of hosts: 216 - 2 = 65,534

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 Class C Addressing
• Addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223
• Format
– NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.nnnnnnnn

• There are three octets which define the network address and
one which define the node address
• Used with networks that have fewer than 254 hosts
 IP addressing
• IP Address Bit Patterns
1 2 3 4 - 24 25 – 32 (8 bits)
Bit #
Class C: 1 1 0 Network # Host #

8 16 24 32

Number of hosts: 28 - 2 = 254

IP Addresses (Cont.)
 Subnetting
• Breaking a large network into smaller networks
(subnets).
• As with the host number portion of class "A," class
"B," and class "C” addresses, subnet addresses are
assigned locally.
• Usually this is done by the network administrator.
 Subnetting
• …can be done for a variety of reasons
– Organization
– Security

• The most common reason is to control

network traffic

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 Subnetting
• Subnetting reduces the size of the routing tables
stored in routers.
• Subnetting extends the existing IP address base &
restructures the IP address.
• As a result, routers must have a way to extract from a
IP address both the Network address & the Host
address
 Subnetting

FIGURE 11-2 IP address before and after subnets 23

 Subnetting
• Extended network prefix
– The combination of an address’s network and subnet information
• Subnet mask
– Special 32-bit number that, when combined with a device’s IP
address, informs the rest of the network about the network class
to which the device is attached.
– Follows same dotted quad format
• 1’s specify extended network prefix
• 0’s specify host

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 Subnet mask
• Performing a bitwise logical AND between the IP
address and the subnet mask results in the network
address.
• Applying a subnet mask allows you to identify the
network and node parts of the address. A router will
then determine whether the address is local or remote .
 Subnet mask
• Ex: Class - B 140.179.240.200

10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000

Network Address = 140.179.000.000

 Default Standard Subnet Masks
• There are default standard subnet masks for
Class A, B and C addresses:
 Subnetting
• There are only 3 usable IP address classes:
– Class A
– Class B
– Class C
• Class A networks have the highest number of
available hosts.
• Class B networks have the average number of
available hosts
• Class C networks have the fewest number of
hosts.
 Borrowing Bits to Grow a Subnet
• The key concept in subnetting is borrowing bits from
the host portion of the network to create a
subnetwork.
 192.56.32.13
• 192.56.32.0 is the network address
• 8 bits are available for the host address
• Borrow 1 bit
• NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.Shhhhhhh
• What is the subnet mask?
• 27 = 128
• 255.255.255.128
 177.56.45.13
• What class is this address?
• Class B
• What is the default subnet mask?
• 255.255.0.0
• Borrow 2 bits for the subnet mask
• NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.SShhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
• What is the subnet mask?
• 27+26 = 128+64 = 192
• 255.255.192.0
 Total Number of Subnets
Number of subnets = 2 number of bits borrowed

Maximum (borrow all bits)

• Class A 224 = 16,777,216
3 Octets available
• Class B 216 = 65,536
2 Octets available
• Class C 28 = 256
1 Octet available
SUPERNETTING
 Supernetting
•Supernetting is the idea of combining two or more
blocks of IP addresses.

• That blocks of IP addresses together compose a

continuous range of addresses (no missing addresses in
the middle).

•To place more hosts on a single network

 Supernetting
Rules:
** The number of blocks must be a power of 2 (1, 2,
4, 8, 16, . . .).
** The blocks must be contiguous in the address space
(no gaps between the blocks).
** The third byte of the first address in the superblock
must be evenly divisible by the number of blocks. In
other words, if the number of blocks is N, the third
byte must be divisible by N.
 EXAMPLE
A company need 600 addresses.Which of the
following set of class C blocks can be used to
formed a supernett for this company??
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.42.0 198.47.52.0 198.47.62.0
198.47.31.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.52.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.35.0
 Example
We need make a super net work out of 16
class c.What is the super net mask??
 Supernetting Advantage
•Simplicity

•Same netmask across subnets

• No gateway configuration for networks

•Reduce routing table

 Supernetting Disadvantage

•Network Impact

• performance

• Network bandwidth is shared by all nodes in

the supernet.

• requires bridges if thesupernet is spread across

multiple physical network