Lecture 2 - Control Systems - Terminologies and Examples

The document outlines key terminologies related to control systems, including definitions for systems, control systems, processes, controlled variables, manipulated variables, and disturbances. It also provides a historical overview of control systems development from ancient Greece to modern applications in various fields. Examples of modern control systems, such as automobile steering and aircraft control, are illustrated to demonstrate practical applications.

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Lecture 2 - Control Systems - Terminologies and Examples

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Browny

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Terminologies

System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system

configuration that will provide a desired response.

Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and
output relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the
process.

Input Process Output

14-Dec-22 BMHA312L Control Systems Winter 2022-23 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 1

Terminologies
Controlled Variable– It is the quantity or condition that is measured
and Controlled. Normally controlled variable is the output of the control
system.

Manipulated Variable– It is the quantity of the condition that is

varied by the controller so as to affect the value of controlled variable.

Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of

the system and applying the manipulated variable to the system to
correct or limit the deviation of the measured value from a desired
value.

14-Dec-22 BMHA312L Control Systems Winter 2022-23 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 2

Terminologies
Manipulated Variable

Input
or Output
Set point Controller Process Or
or Controlled Variable
reference

Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect

the value of the system. It is an unwanted input of the system.
• If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is
called internal disturbance. While an external disturbance is
generated outside the system.

14-Dec-22 BMHA312L Control Systems Winter 2022-23 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 3

Basic Elements of a Feedback Control System

Error signal
Control variable Manipulated
e=Ysp-Ym
variable
Comparator
Set Point/ + Final Control Process/
Desired Controller
- Element System
value Ysp Actual/
Measured value
Ym
Measurement
system

14-Dec-22 BMHA312L Control Systems Winter 2022-23 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 4

Control Systems - History
Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism
Holland (16th Century)– Temperature regulator

Water-level float regulator

Watt’s Flyball Governor
(18th century)

14-Dec-22 BMHA312L Control Systems Winter 2022-23 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 5

Control Systems - History
• 18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed
control of a steam engine.
• 1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships.
• 1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of
controlled systems
• 1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design
linear closed-loop control systems
• 1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed
• 1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and
• 1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed.
• Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern
control theory includes such non-engineering systems such as
biological, biomedical, economic and socio-economic systems