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Chap 01

This document provides an introduction to electronic instrumentation and measurements. It discusses the purposes of measurement, which include monitoring processes, controlling processes, and performing analysis. It also defines key terms related to measurement standards, including working standards, international standards, primary standards, and secondary standards. Working standards are those commonly found in electronics laboratories and are used for routine measurements, while international, primary, and secondary standards have increasing levels of accuracy and are used to check the accuracy of less precise standards.

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Bibah Gee
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116 views11 pages

Chap 01

This document provides an introduction to electronic instrumentation and measurements. It discusses the purposes of measurement, which include monitoring processes, controlling processes, and performing analysis. It also defines key terms related to measurement standards, including working standards, international standards, primary standards, and secondary standards. Working standards are those commonly found in electronics laboratories and are used for routine measurements, while international, primary, and secondary standards have increasing levels of accuracy and are used to check the accuracy of less precise standards.

Uploaded by

Bibah Gee
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic instrumentation and measurements

Chapter 01 Introduction

Electronic instrumentation and measurements


Instrumentation means the application or use of instruments. The objectives of this course are:
to explain the operation, performance, and applications of the most important measuring instruments normally encountered in an electronics laboratory, and to discuss electronic measuring techniques.

Purpose of measurement
Measurements are made for one or more of the following functions:
To monitor processes and operations To control processes and operations To carry out some analysis

Monitoring : Thermometers, barometers, gas and energy meters only indicate certain quantities. Their readings do not perform any control function in the normal sense. These instruments are made for monitoring purposes only. Control : The thermostat in a refrigerator or geyser determines the temperature of the relevant environment and accordingly switches off or on the cooling or heating mechanism to keep the temperature constant, i.e. to control the temperature. Controlling a variable is rather an involved process and is therefore a subject of study by itself.

Analysis : Measurements are also made to


test the validity of predictions from theories build empirical models characterize materials, devices and components

In general, these requirements may be called analysis.

Measurement
Measurement is the act or result of quantitative comparison between a predefined standard and the physical quantity to be measured (measurand). Standards
Working standards International standards Primary standards Secondary standards

Working/Lab standards
Electrical measurement standards are precise resistors, capacitors, inductors, voltage sources and current sources, which can be used for comparison purposes when measuring electrical quantities. For example, resistance can be accurately measured by means of a Wheatstone bridge which uses a standard resistor. Similarly, standard capacitors and inductors can be employed in bridge methods to accurately measure capacitance and inductance. The standard resistors, capacitors, and inductors usually found in an electronics laboratory are classified as working standards.

Working standard resistors are available in values ranging from 0.01 to 1 M, with typical accuracies of 0.01% to 0.1%. Working standard capacitors are available in values ranging from 0.001 F to 1 F, with typical accuracy of 0.02%. Working standard inductors are available in values ranging from 100 H to 10 H with typical accuracy of 0.1%. Calibrators provide standard voltages and currents for calibrating voltmeters and ammeters.

International standards
International standards are defined by international agreements and are maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France. These are as accurate as it is scientifically possible to achieve. They may be used for comparison with primary standards but are otherwise unavailable for any application.

Primary/National standards
Primary standards are maintained at institutions in various countries around the world such as National Bureau of Standards in Washington. They are also constructed for the greatest possible accuracy and their main function is checking the accuracy of secondary standards.

Secondary/Industrial standards
Secondary standards are employed in industry as references for calibrating high-accuracy equipment and components and for verifying the accuracy of working standards. Secondary standards are periodically checked at the institutions that maintain primary standards.

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