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Experimental Design

The document discusses various experimental designs used in research. It begins by explaining the basic principles of experimental design including replication, randomization, and locus of control. Some common experimental designs are then described in detail, including before-after designs with and without control groups, completely randomized designs, randomized block designs, Latin square designs, and factorial designs. Factorial designs allow researchers to examine the effects of varying multiple factors simultaneously and determine any interaction effects.

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170 views22 pages

Experimental Design

The document discusses various experimental designs used in research. It begins by explaining the basic principles of experimental design including replication, randomization, and locus of control. Some common experimental designs are then described in detail, including before-after designs with and without control groups, completely randomized designs, randomized block designs, Latin square designs, and factorial designs. Factorial designs allow researchers to examine the effects of varying multiple factors simultaneously and determine any interaction effects.

Uploaded by

manlymohan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experimental Design

Dr.V.Mohanasundaram,M.B.A.,M.PhilL.,Ph.D., Professor and Head, Vivekanandha Institute of Engineering and Technology for Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode 637 205

Experimental Design
Professor R A fishers name is associated with experimental designs. He divided agricultural plots into several parts and then conducted experiments on that. Experimental methods means those methods wherein the researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables.
NILESH KOLAMBE

Experimental Method
The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.

Basic principles of Experimental Designs


Principles of Replication
Replication means that a treatment is repeated two or more times. Its function is to provide an estimate of experimental error by directly measuring the variability between similarly treated units and to provide a more precise measure of treatment effects by averaging the individual observations. The number of replication that will be required in a particular experiment depends on the magnitude of the differences the experimenter

Principles of Randomization
Randomization is the assignment of treatments to experimental units so that all units considered have an equal chance of receiving a treatment. It guarantees unbiased estimates of treatment means and of the experimental error. In most situations it is required to assure the validity of the statistical theory underlying the tests of significance in the analysis.

Principle of Locus control


It has been observed that all extraneous sources of variation are not removed by randomization and replication. This necessitates a refinement in the experimental technique. In other words, we need to choose a design in such a manner that all extraneous sources of variation are brought under control. For this purpose, we make use of local control, a term referring to the amount of balancing, blocking and grouping of the experimental units.

IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS


Informal Experimental designs Before and after without control designs After only with control design Before and after with control design Formal Experimental designs Completely randomized designs Randomomized block designs Latin square designs

Before and after without control design


In this design ,a single test group of area is selected and the dependent variable is measured before the introduction of the treatment . The treatment is introduced and the dependent variable is measured again after the treatment. - Used in Laboratory research

After only with control design


-In this design two groups or areas (test area and control area) are selected and the treatment is introduced into the test area only. The dependent variable is then measured in both the areas at the same time. Treatment impact is assessed - Assumption that two areas behavior is same towards the phenomenon considered Test area After treatment(y) Control area without treatment(z) Treatment effect Y-Z
NILESH KOLAMBE

Before and After with Control design


- Two areas are selected and the dependent variable is measured in both for an identical period time before the treatment. - Treatment is then introduced In test area only. - Dependent variable is then measured in both for the same period. - Difference is measured then. - Two time periods time period I Time period II Test area X treatment Y Control area A Z Treatment Effect : (Y-X)-(Z-A)

NILESH KOLAMBE

Completely randomized design ( C. R Design)


- Involves two principles principle of replication and principle of randomization. - Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments - Eg: 10 subjects and two treatment A and B. we want to give treatment to 5. Every possible group of 5 subjects are selected. - Applied for uncontrolled extraneous factors.

NILESH KOLAMBE

Randomized Block design ( R. B. design)


- Improvement over C. R. design. - Principle of Local control can be applied with the other two principles of experimental design. - Subjects are first divided into groups or blocks. - Some variable is selected for grouping

NILESH KOLAMBE

Example : Intelligence Very high level and sequence of tests

Very Low Low Average High

E Exam 1 Exam2 Exam 3 exam4

Student A B

NILESH KOLAMBE

If each student is randomly assigned the four tests he/she tooks , then is RB Design. The purpose is to take care of extraneous factors such as fatigue or perhaps the experience gained from repeatedly taking the test.

NILESH KOLAMBE

Latin Square design


Very frequently used in agricultural research. LS is used when there are two major extraneous factors. For example if we want to judge the effect of five different varieties of fertilizers on the yield of wheat. The two extraneous factors here are fertility of land and varying seeds. Field is divided into 5*5 parts and each extraneous factor is taken at one axis

NILESH KOLAMBE

Latin square design


fertility level I II III IV V Seeds X1 A B C D E X2 B C D E A Difference X3 C D E A B X4 D E A B C X5 E A SeedsC D Example: Two extraneous variables 1 Fertility level and 2B difference
Five types of fertilizers : A,B,C,D,E Research is to find out the Most effective fertilizer.
NILESH KOLAMBE

Factorial design
This method is used in experiments where the effects of varying more than one factor are to be determined This is specially useful in several economic and social phenomena where there are large number of factors affect a particular problem. Two types I simple factorial design - Effect of varying two factors on the dependent variable II Complex factorial design more than two factors.
NILESH KOLAMBE

Simple Factorial design


Two variables control variable and experimental variable. Extraneous variable to be controlled by homogeneity is called control variable and the independent variable ,which is manipulated is called experimental group Four cells in which sample is divided. Experimental variable treat A Treat B Control Variable level1 I II level 2 III IV - Randomly assigned and means are obtained for control variable and Experimental variables. - One can examine the interaction between treatment and level. This enables researcher to evaluate the combined effect or the interaction effect of two or more variables simultaneously
NILESH KOLAMBE


Training

Example
Treat A Treat B

Control level I (Low) (Intelligence) level II (High)

15 35
25

23 30

19 32.5

26.5
Treatment and level are dependent on each other from graph

Treatm ents Control level(Intelligence) NILESH KOLAMBE

II Complex factorial design


Experiments with more than two factors at a time involves the use of complex factorial design. Treatment and control variable both have different levels. Experimental variable Treat A Treat B level 1 level2 level 1 level 2 III IV IV VI VII VIII

Control level1 I Variable level2 II

NILESH KOLAMBE

To determine the main effects of the experimental variable, the researcher must necessarily combined mean of Cell I, II, III, IV Advantages of factorial design - They provide equivalent accuracy - Economic - The determination of interaction effects is possible in case of factorial design.

NILESH KOLAMBE

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