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Lecture-7 Linecoding

The document discusses digital-to-digital conversion techniques, focusing on line coding, block coding, and scrambling. It explains various line coding schemes, including Unipolar NRZ, Polar NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Polar RZ, Manchester, Differential Manchester, and Bipolar schemes, highlighting their characteristics and issues such as DC components and synchronization. Additionally, it addresses the impact of receiver clock speed on data transmission rates.

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1 views16 pages

Lecture-7 Linecoding

The document discusses digital-to-digital conversion techniques, focusing on line coding, block coding, and scrambling. It explains various line coding schemes, including Unipolar NRZ, Polar NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Polar RZ, Manchester, Differential Manchester, and Bipolar schemes, highlighting their characteristics and issues such as DC components and synchronization. Additionally, it addresses the impact of receiver clock speed on data transmission rates.

Uploaded by

akshattyagi146
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physical

Layer

Line coding Schemes

These slides are partially based on slides assembled by B. A. Forouzan, with grateful acknowledgement of the many others who made their course materials freely available online.
DIGITAL-TO-
DIGITAL
CONVERSION
•How we can represent digital
data by using digital signals?
•The conversion involves three
techniques:
• Line coding
• Block coding
• Scrambling

•Line coding is always needed;


block coding and scrambling may
or may not be needed.
Line coding and Decoding
Signal
element Vs
Data element
•Data Element:- It is the
smallest entity that can
represent a piece of
information

•Signal Element:- It refers the


shortest unit of digital signal
Data rate Vs Signal
rate
Data Rate:- It is the number of data elements sent per second.
Data rate is also called as bit rate and represented in bps.

Signal Rate:- It refers the number of signal element sent per second.
Signal rate is also known as pulse rate or baud rate and represented
in baud.
Signal Rate (S)=
Average Signal Rate ()=

where c= Case factor


Question

A signal is carrying data in which one data element is encoded as


one signal element ( r = 1). If the bit rate is 100 kbps, what is the
average value of the baud rate if c is between 0 and 1?

Solution
Question

A signal is carrying data in which one data element is encoded as


one signal element ( r = 1). If the bit rate is 100 kbps, what is the
average value of the baud rate if c is between 0 and 1?

Solution
Assuming that the average value of c is 1/2 . The baud rate is
then
Signal Transmission Issues

DC Components:- When the voltage level in


a digital signal is constant for a while, the
spectrum creates very low frequencies. These Effect of lack of synchronization
frequencies around zero, called DC (direct-
current) components. Creates problems for a
system that cannot pass low frequencies
Self-Synchronization-: To correctly interpret
the signals received from the sender, the
receiver's bit intervals must correspond exactly
to the sender's bit intervals.

If the receiver clock is faster or slower, the bit


intervals are not matched and the receiver might
misinterpret the signals.
The sender sends 10110001, while the
receiver receives 110111000011
Question

In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent faster than the
sender clock.

How many extra bits per second does the receiver receive if the data rate is 1
kbps?

How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?


Question

In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent faster than the
sender clock. How many extra bits per second does the receiver receive if the
data rate is
1 kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.

At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of 1,000,000


bps.
Line coding schemes
Line coding:- It is the process of converting digital data to digital signals
Unipolar NRZ scheme
Unipolar :-All signal levels are one side of time axis either below or above.
NRZ – Non- Return to Zero

Unipolar NRZ scheme is very


costly.
Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes
Polar :- Signal levels are on both side of time axis.

 In NRZ-L the level of the voltage


determines the value of the bit.

 In NRZ-I the inversion


or the lack of inversion
determines the value of the bit.

 NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have a DC


component problem
Polar RZ scheme

Polar RZ:- Return-to-zero (RZ) scheme uses three values: positive, negative, and zero.
• In RZ, the signal changes not between bits but during the bit also.

• No DC component problem.
• It occupies greater bandwidth.
• Complexity: RZ uses three levels of
voltage, which is more complex to
create and discern.
Polar Biphase: Manchester and
differential Manchester schemes
 The idea of RZ (transition at the middle
of the bit) and the idea of NRZ-L are
combined into the Manchester scheme.

 In Manchester encoding, the duration of


the bit is divided into two halves.

 Differential Manchester, on the other


hand, combines the ideas of RZ and NRZ-
I.
 In both the encodings, the transition at the
middle of the bit is used for
synchronization
Bipolar schemes
• In bipolar encoding, Three levels are used: positive, zero, and negative.
• Two schemes: - AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) and Pseudoternary

 No DC component.
 Commonly used for
long-distance
communication
 Synchronization
problem when a long
sequence of 0s is
present in the data.

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