Vidya Vikas Mandal’s

SHREE DAMODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS

Affiliated to Goa University
Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’

Python Programming
Unit III
Programming

LIST, TUPLE AND DICTIONARY

Python

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 Outline
• Lists: list operations, list slices, list methods, list loop, mutability,
aliasing, cloning lists, list parameters, Lists as arrays
• Tuples: tuple assignment, tuple as return value
Programming

• Dictionaries: operations and methods

• advanced list processing - list comprehension
Python

• Illustrative programs: selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort,

histogram

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 Learning Outcomes

CO1. Explain fundamental principles, syntax and semantics of Python

Programming

programming.
CO2. Demonstrate the understanding of program flow control and handling of strings,
Python

functions, files & exception handling.

CO3. Determine the methods to create and develop Python programs by utilizing the
data structures like lists, dictionaries, tuples and sets.

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 Vidya Vikas Mandal’s
SHREE DAMODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS
Affiliated to Goa University
Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’

Lists
operations, slices, methods, loop, mutability,
aliasing, cloning lists, list parameters,
Lists as arrays

29-03-2022 5
Programming
Python

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www.damodarcollege.edu.in
 Lists
• A list is an ordered sequence of items/ values.
– In a string, the values are characters;
– In a list, they can be any type.
• The values in a list are called elements or sometimes items.
Programming

• There are several ways to create a new list

• Simplest is to enclose the elements in square brackets ([ and ]):
Python

– [10, 20, 30, 40] list

of four integers
– ['crunchy frog', 'ram bladder', 'lark vomit'] list of three strings

• Elements of a list can be of different data type.

– ['spam', 2.0, 5, [10, 20]] list contains string, float, integer, &
another list
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 Lists
• A list within another list is nested.
• A list that contains no elements is called an empty list;
• A list can be created with empty brackets, [ ].
• list values can be assigned to variables
Programming

cheeses = ['Cheddar', 'Edam', 'Gouda']

numbers = [17, 123]
Python

empty = []
print cheeses, numbers, empty

Output: ['Cheddar', 'Edam', 'Gouda'] [17, 123] []

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 Lists are mutable
• The syntax for accessing the elements of a list is the same as for
accessing the characters of a string - the bracket operator.
– The expression inside the brackets specifies the index.
– Remember that the indices start at 0:
Programming

print cheeses[0]
output : Cheddar

• Unlike strings, lists are mutable.

Python

• When the bracket operator appears on the left side of an assignment, it

identifies the element of the list that will be assigned.

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 Lists are mutable
numbers = [17, 123]
numbers[1] = 5
print numbers
Output: [17, 5]
Programming

• The element at index 1 numbers, which used to be 123, is now 5.

Python

• A list has a relationship between indices and elements.

– This relationship is called a mapping;
– Each index “maps to” one of the elements.

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 Lists are mutable
• The in operator also works on lists.
cheeses = ['Cheddar', 'Edam', 'Gouda']
'Edam' in cheeses
Output: True
Programming

'Brie' in cheeses
Python

Output: False

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 Traversing a list
• Most common way to traverse a list is using for loop
• Syntax is the same as for strings:
for cheese in cheeses:
print cheese
Programming

• For loop works well if only need to read list elements.

• To write / update the elements, you need the indices, usually done using
Python

range and len functions

for i in range(len(numbers)): • traverses the list and updates each element.
numbers[i] = numbers[i] * 2 • len returns the number of elements in the list.
• range returns a list of indices from 0 to n-1,
where n is the length of the list.

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 Traversing a list
• A for loop over an empty list never executes the body:
for x in []:
print 'This never happens.'
• Although a list can contain another list, the nested list still counts as a
Programming

single element.
• The length of this list is four:
Python

['spam', 1, ['Brie', 'Roquefort', 'Pol le Veq'], [1, 2, 3]]

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 Operations on list
1. Indexing
2. Slicing
3. Concatenation
4. Repetitions
Programming

5. Updating
6. Membership
Python

7. Comparison

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Programming
Python

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Programming
Python

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 List operations
• The + operator concatenates lists:
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [4, 5, 6]
c=a+b
Programming

print c
Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Python

• Similarly, the * operator repeats a list a given number of times:

[0] * 4 Output: [0, 0, 0, 0]
[0] repeated 4 times
[1, 2, 3] * 3 Output: [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] [1,2,3] repeated 3
times

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 List slices
• List slicing is an operation that extracts a subset of elements from an list
and packages them as another list.
• Syntax:
Listname[start:stop]
Programming

Listname[start:stop:steps]
• default start value is 0
Python

• default stop value is n-1

• [:] this will print the entire list
• [2:2] this will create a empty slice

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 List slices
• The slice operator also works on lists:
t = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
t[1:3] Output : ['b', 'c']
t[:4] Output : ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
Programming

t[3:] Output : ['d', 'e', 'f']

t[:] Output : ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
Python

• If you omit the first index, the slice starts at the beginning.
• If you omit the second, the slice goes to the end.
• If you omit both, the slice is a copy of the whole list.

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 List slices
• Note: Since lists are mutable
– It is often useful to make a copy before performing operations that fold,
spindle or mutilate lists.
• A slice operator on the left side of an assignment can update multiple
Programming

elements:
t = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
Python

t[1:3] = ['x', 'y']

print t Output: ['a', 'x',
'y', 'd', 'e', 'f']

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 List methods
• Methods used in lists are used to manipulate the data quickly.
• These methods work only on lists.
• They do not work on the other sequence types that are not mutable, that is,
the values they contain cannot be changed, added, or deleted.
Programming

• syntax: list name.method name( element/index/list)

• Python provides methods that operate on lists. For example, append adds
Python

a new element to the end of a list:

t = ['a', 'b', 'c']
t.append('d')
print t Output: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

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 List methods
• extend takes a list as an argument and appends all of the elements:
t1 = ['a', 'b', 'c']
t2 = ['d', 'e']
t1.extend(t2)
Programming

print t1 Output: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'] This example

leaves t2 unmodified.

• Sort arranges the elements of the list from low to high:

Python

t = ['d', 'c', 'e', 'b', 'a']

t.sort()
print t Output: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
• List methods are all void; they modify the list and return None.
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Programming
Python

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Programming
Python

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 List Loop
• lists are considered a type of iterable
• List Loops
• For loop
• While loop
Programming

• Infinite loop
Python

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 List Loop
• Iterating over a sequence is called traversal.
• An iterable is a data type that can return its elements separately
i.e., one at a time.
• The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string)
Programming

or other iterable objects.

for <item> in <iterable>:
Python

<body>
Eg:
names = ["Uma","Utta","Ursula","Eunice","Unix"]
for name in names:
print("Hi "+ name +"!")

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Programming List Loop
Python

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 List Loop - while
• The while loop in Python is used to iterate over a block of code as long as
the test expression (condition) is true.
• When the condition is tested and the result is false, the loop body will be
skipped and the first statement after the while loop will be executed.
• Syntax:
Programming

while (condition):
Python

body of while

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 List Loop - while
• Sum of elements in list
a=[1,2,3,4,5]
i=0
sum=0
Programming

while i<len(a):
sum=sum+a[i]
Python

i=i+1
print(sum)
• Output: 15

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 List Loop - infinite
• A loop becomes infinite loop if the condition given never becomes false. It
keeps on running. Such loops are called infinite loop.
• Example
a=1
Programming

while (a==1):
n=int(input("enter the number"))
print("you entered:" , n
Python

• Output:
Enter the number 10
you entered:10
Enter the number 12
you entered:12
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 Map, filter and reduce
• To add up all the numbers in a list, you can use a loop like this:
def add_all(t):
total = 0
for x in t:
Programming

total += x
return total
Python

Here, total is initialized to 0. Each time through the loop, x gets one element from the list.
The += operator provides a short way to update a variable.

• In above example, loop executes, total accumulates the sum of the

elements; a variable used this way is sometimes called an accumulator.

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 Map, filter and reduce
• Adding up the elements of a list is such a common operation that Python
provides it as a built-in function, sum:
t = [1, 2, 3]
sum(t) 6
Programming

• An operation like this that combines a sequence of elements into a single

value is sometimes called reduce.
Python

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 Deleting elements
• There are several ways to delete elements from a list.
– If element index is known, pop can be used.
– pop modifies the list and returns the element that was removed.
– If index is not provided, it deletes and returns the last element.
Programming

t = ['a', 'b', 'c']

x = t.pop(1)
Python

print t Output: ['a', 'c']

print x Output: b

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 Deleting elements
• If don’t need the removed value, can use the del operator:
t = ['a', 'b', 'c']
del t[1]
print t Output: ['a', 'c']
Programming

• If know the element to be removed (but not the index), can use remove:
t = ['a', 'b', 'c']
Python

t.remove('b')
print t Output: ['a', 'c']
– The return value from remove is None.

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 Deleting elements
• To remove more than one element, can use del with a slice index:
t = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
del t[1:5]
print t Output: ['a', 'f']
Programming

• As usual, the slice selects all the elements up to, but not including, the
second index.
Python

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 Lists and strings
• A string is a sequence of characters and a list is a sequence of values
• A list of characters is not the same as a string.
• To convert from a string to a list of characters, can use list
s = 'spam'
Programming

t = list(s)
print t Output: ['s', 'p', 'a', 'm']
Python

• The list function breaks a string into individual letters.

• To break a string into words, use the split method
s = 'pining for the fjords'
t = s.split()
print t Output: ['pining', 'for', 'the', 'fjords']

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 Lists and strings

• An optional argument called a delimiter specifies which characters to use

as word boundaries.
• The following example uses a hyphen as a delimiter:
Programming

s = 'spam-spam-spam'
delimiter = '-'
s.split(delimiter) ['spam', 'spam', 'spam']
Python

• join is the inverse of split.

• It takes a list of strings and concatenates the elements.
• join is a string method, so you have to invoke it on the delimiter and pass
the list as a parameter.

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 Lists and strings
t = ['pining', 'for', 'the', 'fjords']
delimiter = ' '
delimiter.join(t) 'pining for the fjords'
Programming

• In above case the delimiter is a space character, so join puts a space

between words.
Python

• To concatenate strings without spaces, use empty string, '', as a delimiter.

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 Objects and values
• If we execute these assignment statements:
a = 'banana'
b = 'banana'

• Here, a and b both refer to a string, Whether both refer to the same string?
Programming

• Let’s use is operator to check

a = 'banana'
Python

b = 'banana'
a is b Output: True

• Conclusion: Python only created one string object, both a & b refer to it.

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 Objects and values

• But when two lists are created, you get two objects:
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1, 2, 3]
Programming

a is b Output: False

• Here, we would say that both lists are

– Are equivalent, because they have the same elements
Python

– Not identical, because they are not the same object

• If two objects are identical, they are also equivalent, but if they are
equivalent, they are not necessarily identical.

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 Objects and values
• Until now, we have been using “object” and “value” interchangeably, but it
is more precise to say that an object has a value.
– If [1,2,3] is executed, will get a list object whose value is a sequence of integers.
– If another list has the same elements, then it has the same value, but it’s not the
Programming

same object.
Python

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 Mutability
• Lists are mutable. (can be changed)
• Mutability is the ability for certain types of data to be changed without
entirely recreating it.
• An item can be changed in a list by accessing it directly as part of the
Programming

assignment statement.
• Using the indexing operator (square brackets[ ]) on the left side of an
assignment, one of the list items can be updated.
Python

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Programming Mutability
Python

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 Aliasing / Copying
• Creating a copy of a list is called aliasing.
• Both refers to same memory location. changes in one will affect another
list.
• If a refers to an object and b = a is assigned, then both variables refer to
Programming

the same object:

a = [1, 2, 3]
Python

b=a
b is a True

• The association of a variable with an object is called a reference.

• In above example, there are two references to the same object.
• An object with more than one reference has more than one name, so we
say that the object is aliased.
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 Aliasing
• If the aliased object is mutable, changes made with one alias affects other:
b[0] = 17
print a Output: [17, 2, 3]

• This behavior can be useful, it is error-prone.

Programming

• It is safer to avoid aliasing when working with mutable objects.

• For immutable objects like strings, aliasing is not as much of a problem as it
Python

won’t makes a difference whether a and b refer to the same string or not.
a = 'banana'
b = 'banana'

• To prevent aliasing, a new object can be created and the contents of the
original can be copied which is called cloning

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 Cloning Lists
• To avoid the disadvantages of copying we are using cloning.
• Creating a copy of a same list of elements with two different memory
locations is called cloning.
• Changes in one list will not affect locations of aother list.
Programming

• Cloning is a process of making a copy of the list without modifying the

original list.
Python

• Cloning Methods original_list = [10, 22, 44, 23, 4]

new_list = list(original_list)
1. Slicing print(original_list)
Output: [10, 22, 44, 23, 4]
2. list()method print(new_list)
3. copy() method Output: [10, 22, 44, 23, 4]

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 Cloning Lists
• Using Slicing • Using copy() method
a=[1,2,3,4,5] a=[1,2,3,4,5]
b=a[:] b=a.copy()
print(b) print(b)
Programming

• Output : [1,2,3,4,5] Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

• Using List( ) method

Python

a=[1,2,3,4,5]
• a is b
b=list • False
print(b)
Output : [1,2,3,4,5]

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 List as parameters
• In python, arguments are passed by reference.
• If any changes are done in the parameter which refers within the function,
then the changes also reflects back in the calling function.
• When a list to a function is passed, the function gets a reference to the list.
Programming

• Passing a list as an argument actually passes a reference to the list, not a

copy of the list.
Python

• Since lists are mutable, changes made to the elements referenced by the
parameter change the same list that the argument is referencing.

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 List as parameters
• If the function modifies a list parameter, the caller sees the change.
For example, delete_head removes the first element from a list:
def delete_head(t):
del t[0]
Programming

Here’s how it is used:

letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
Python

delete_head(letters)
print letters ['b', 'c']

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 List as parameters
• The parameter t and the variable letters are aliases for the same object.
• It is important to distinguish between operations that modify lists and
operations that create new lists. For example, the append method modifies
a list, but the + operator creates a new list:
Programming

t1 = [1, 2]
t2 = t1.append(3)
Python

print t1 [1, 2, 3]
print t2 None
t3 = t1 + [4]
print t3 [1, 2, 3, 4]

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 List as parameters
• This difference is important when you write functions that are supposed to
modify lists.
• For example, this function does not delete the head of a list:
def bad_delete_head(t):
Programming

t = t[1:] # WRONG!

• The slice operator creates a new list and the assignment makes t refer to
Python

it, but none of that has any effect on the list that was passed as an
argument.

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 List as parameters
• An alternative is to write a function that creates and returns a new list. For
example, tail returns all but the first element of a list:
def tail(t):
Programming

return t[1:]
• This function leaves the original list unmodified. Here’s how it is used:
Python

letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']

rest = tail(letters)
print rest ['b', 'c']

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 List as parameters : More Examples
Example 1: Example 2: Example 3
def remove(a) def inside(a): def insert(a):
for i in range(0,len(a),1): a.insert(0,30)
a.remove(1) a[i]=a[i]
Programming

+10
a=[1,2,3,4,5]
a=[1,2,3,4,5] print("inside",a)
insert(a)
remove(a)
Python

a=[1,2,3,4,5] print(a)
print(a)
inside(a) • Output: [30, 1, 2, 3,
print("outside",a) 4, 5]
Output:
[2,3,4,5] • Output:
inside [11, 12, 13,
14, 15]
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 Vidya Vikas Mandal’s
SHREE DAMODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS
Affiliated to Goa University
Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’

Lists as arrays

08/07/2025 54
 Array
• Array is a collection of similar elements. Elements in the array can be
accessed by index. Index starts with 0. Array can be handled in python by
module named array.
• To create array have to import array module in the program.
Programming

• Syntax : import array

• Syntax to create array:
Python

Array_name = module_name.function_name(‘datatype’,[elements])

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 Array
• example: Program to find sum of array elements
a=array.array(‘i’,[1,2,3,4]) import array
# a- array name sum=0
Programming

# array- module name a=array.array('i',[1,2,3,4])

# i- integer datatype for i in a:
Python

sum=sum+i
print(sum)

Output 10

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 Convert list into array
• fromlist() function is used to program to convert list into array
append list to array. Here the import array
list is act like a array.
sum=0
Programming

i=[6,7,8,9,5]
• Syntax: a=array.array('i',[])
arrayname.fromlist(list_name)
Python

a.fromlist(l)
for i in a:
sum=sum+i
print(sum)

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 Methods in array
• a=[2,3,4,5]
Programming
Python

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 Vidya Vikas Mandal’s
SHREE DAMODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS
Affiliated to Goa University
Accredited by NAAC with Grade ‘A’

Tuples
tuple assignment, tuple as return value

29-03-2022 59
 Tuples
• A tuple is same as list, except that the set of elements is enclosed in
parentheses instead of square brackets.
• A tuple is an immutable list.
• Once a tuple is created, can't add / remove elements to / from a tuple
Programming

• But tuple can be converted into list and list can be converted in to tuple.
Python

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 Tuples
• Benefits of Tuple
– Tuples are faster than lists.
– If the user wants to protect the data from accidental changes, tuple can be used.
– Tuples can be used as keys in dictionaries, while lists can't.
Programming

• Operations on Tuples
1. Indexing
Python

2. Slicing
3. Concatenation
4. Repetitions
5. Membership
6. Comparison

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Programming
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 Tuples
• Tuple methods
– Tuple is immutable so changes cannot be done on the elements of a tuple once it is
assigned.
Programming
Python

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 Tuples
• Tuple Assignment
– Tuple assignment allows, variables on the left of an assignment operator and
values of tuple on the right of the assignment operator.
– Multiple assignment works by creating a tuple of expressions from the right
Programming

hand side, and a tuple of targets from the left, and then matching each
expression to a target.
– Because multiple assignments use tuples to work, it is often termed tuple
Python

assignment.
• Uses of Tuple assignment
– It is often useful to swap the values of two variables.

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 Tuples
• Example: Swapping using temporary variable:
a=20
b=50
temp = a
a=b
Programming

b = temp
print("value after swapping is",a,b)
Python

• Swapping using tuple assignment:

a=20
b=50
(a,b)=(b,a)
print("value after swapping is",a,b)

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 Tuples
• Multiple assignments Multiple values can be assigned to multiple variables
using tuple assignment.
(a,b,c)=(1,2,3)
print(a) 1
Programming

print(b) 2
print(c) 3
Python

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 Tuples
• Tuple as return value
– A Tuple is a comma separated sequence of items.
– It is created with or without ( ).
– A function can return one value. if you want to return more than one value from
Programming

a function. we can use tuple as return value.

Python

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 Tuples
Example1:
def div(a,b): Example2:
r=a%b def min_max(a):
q=a//b small=min(a)
return(r,q) big=max(a)
return(small,big)
Programming

a=eval(input("enter a
value:")) a=[1,2,3,4,6]
b=eval(input("enter b small,big=min_max(a)
value:"))
Python

r,q=div(a,b) print("smallest:",small)
print("reminder:",r) print("biggest:",big)
print("quotient:",q)
Output:
Output: smallest: 1
enter a value:4 biggest: 6
enter b value:3
reminder: 1
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 Tuples
• Tuple as argument
– The parameter name that begins with * gathers argument into a tuple.
Example:
def printall(*args):
Programming

print(args)
printall(2,3,'a')
Python

Output: (2, 3, 'a')

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 For remaining topics listed below, Refer to Unit 3 Part- II

• Dictionaries: operations and methods

Programming

• Advanced list processing - list comprehension

• Illustrative programs: selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort,
Python

histogram

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Programming

End of Unit III - Part I

Thank You
Python

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