IoT UNIT-I

BY
N VINOD KUMAR
Assistant Professor-ECE
Definition and Characteristics of IoT
 Definition of IoT
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of
interconnected devices that communicate and exchange data
over the internet without requiring human intervention. These
devices, embedded with sensors, software, and
communication technologies, collect, process, and share
information to enhance automation, efficiency, and decision-
making.
 Characteristics of IoT
 Connectivity
 Automation
 Scalability
 Data Collection and Processing
 Interoperability
 Intelligence
 Security
Physical design of IoT
 Physical Design of IoT
The physical design of an IoT system is referred to as the
Things/Devices and protocols that are used to build
n IoT system. all these things/Devices are called Node
Devices and every device has a unique
identity that performs remote sensing, actuating and
monitoring work. and the protocols that are used to establish
communication between the Node devices and servers over
the internet.
Things/Devices :
Things/Devices are used to build a connection, process data,
provide interfaces, storage, and graphics interfaces in an IoT
system. all these generate data in a form that can be analyzed
by an analytical system and program to perform operations
and used to improve the system
 Connectivity:
Devices like USB hosts and ETHERNET are used for
connectivity between the devices and the server.
 Processor:
A processor like a CPU and other units are used to process the
data. these data are further used to improve the decision
quality of an IoT system
Audio/Video Interfaces :
 An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used to record
audio and videos in a system
 I/O interfaces: UART,SPI,I2C
IoT Protocols
 IoT Protocols
 IoT protocols are essential for enabling communication
between IoT devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. These
protocols can be categorized into networking,
communication, and data protocols based on their functions.
1. Network Protocols (Connectivity Protocols)
 These protocols enable devices to connect and exchange data

over the internet or local networks.

• Wi-Fi – High-speed wireless communication for short to

medium-range applications.
• Bluetooth & BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) – Used for short-

range, low-power IoT devices like wearables.

• Zigbee – A low-power, wireless mesh network ideal for smart
home and industrial applications.
• Z-Wave – Similar to Zigbee, used for home automation and
security systems.
• LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) – Suitable
for long-range, low-power applications like smart agriculture.
• 5G & LTE – High-speed cellular networks for IoT
applications requiring low latency, such as smart cities.
• RFID & NFC – Used for contactless identification, tracking,
and payments.
2. Communication Protocols
 These protocols define how data is transmitted between IoT

devices and cloud platforms.

• MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

• Lightweight, publish-subscribe protocol for IoT messaging.

• Used in low-bandwidth, high-latency environments.
• Popular in industrial automation and remote monitoring.
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

• Optimized for low-power, resource-constrained devices.

• Uses UDP for fast, lightweight communication.
• AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)
• Ensures reliable message delivery in distributed
environments.
• Used in enterprise-level IoT applications.
• DDS (Data Distribution Service)
• Real-time, high-performance communication protocol for
mission-critical applications (e.g., healthcare, aerospace).
• HTTP/HTTPS
• Standard web protocol used for IoT applications requiring
internet access.
• More power-intensive than MQTT or CoAP.
3. Data Protocols
 These protocols manage how data is structured, shared, and

processed in IoT systems.

 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) – Lightweight data

format commonly used in IoT messaging.

 XML (Extensible Markup Language) – Used for structured

data storage and exchange.

 SMCP (Simple Management Protocol) – Helps manage and

control IoT devices.

 OPC UA (Open Platform Communications Unified
Architecture) – Used for industrial automation and real-time
data exchange.
IoT Communication Models
 IoT Communication Models

 The IoT communication model defines how IoT devices interact,

exchange data, and communicate with each other, gateways, or cloud
services. There are four primary communication models in IoT:
1. Device-to-Device Communication
🔹 Description:
Two IoT devices communicate directly with each other without an
intermediary.
Typically uses short-range protocols like Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave,
and Wi-Fi Direct.
Ideal for smart home automation, wearable devices, and industrial
sensors.
🔹 Example:
A smart thermostat communicating directly with a smart air
conditioner to adjust room temperature.
 2. Device-to-Gateway Communication
 🔹 Description:
 IoT devices connect to a gateway, which processes and
forwards data to cloud servers.
 The gateway helps with data aggregation, security, and
protocol translation.
 Uses protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP for data
transmission.
 🔹 Example:
 A smartwatch sending fitness data to a smartphone, which
then uploads it to the cloud.
 Industrial IoT sensors sending machine performance data to a
local gateway for analysis.
 3. Device-to-Cloud Communication
 🔹 Description:
 IoT devices connect directly to cloud platforms using internet-
based protocols like Wi-Fi, LTE, or 5G.
 Cloud services store, analyze, and process data for remote
monitoring and automation.
 🔹 Example:
 Smart security cameras upload real-time footage directly to
the cloud.
 Connected cars sending telemetry data to cloud-based
navigation and diagnostics platforms.
 4. Device-to-Edge Communication
 🔹 Description:
 IoT devices communicate with nearby edge servers for faster
data processing and lower latency before sending necessary
data to the cloud.
 Edge computing is useful for real-time analytics and AI-
driven decision-making.
 🔹 Example:
 Autonomous vehicles processing sensor data locally to make
split-second driving decisions.
 Smart factories using edge servers to analyze machine data
instantly for predictive maintenance.
.

IoT Communication APIs

 IoT Communication APIs

 IoT Communication APIs allow devices, applications, and

cloud platforms to exchange data efficiently. These APIs help
manage IoT device interactions, data collection, and
automation across different environments.
.
 Types of IoT Communication APIs
 1. Web-Based APIs
 🔹 Description:
• Web APIs enable communication between IoT devices and cloud-
based applications using standard web protocols like
HTTP/HTTPS and RESTful APIs.
• Data is exchanged in formats like JSON or XML.
 🔹 Examples:
• RESTful API: Used in cloud IoT platforms like AWS IoT, Google
Cloud IoT, and Microsoft Azure IoT.
• GraphQL API: A flexible alternative to REST for efficient data
queries.
 🔹 Use Case:
• A smart home hub fetching real-time weather updates from a
cloud API to optimize heating or cooling.
 2. Messaging Protocol APIs
 🔹 Description:
 These APIs use IoT messaging protocols like MQTT, AMQP,
and CoAP for efficient device communication.
 Often used in low-bandwidth, high-latency environments.
 🔹 Examples:
 MQTT API: Lightweight publish-subscribe protocol for IoT
messaging (used in Facebook Messenger, AWS IoT).
 AMQP API: Ensures reliable message delivery in industrial
IoT applications.
 🔹 Use Case:
 A smart irrigation system sending sensor data to a cloud
server via MQTT API for remote monitoring.
 3. Bluetooth and Local Connectivity APIs
 🔹 Description:
 These APIs facilitate local device communication over
Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, and NFC.
 Used for short-range IoT applications where internet
connectivity is limited.
 🔹 Examples:
 Google Nearby API: Enables Bluetooth-based device
discovery.
 Apple Core Bluetooth API: Used for IoT wearable devices
like smart watches and fitness trackers.
 4. Cloud IoT Platform APIs
 🔹 Description:
 Major cloud providers offer APIs to manage, analyze, and
secure IoT devices at scale.
 These APIs provide device authentication, data storage, and
analytics.
 🔹 Examples:
 Google Cloud IoT API: Provides real-time device monitoring
and analytics.
 AWS IoT Core API: Securely connects IoT devices to AWS
cloud services.
 Microsoft Azure IoT API: Supports industrial IoT solutions
with AI integration.
Embedded Systems
 Embedded Systems
 An embedded system is a combination of hardware and
software designed to perform a specific function within a
larger system. In IoT, embedded systems act as the core
processing units inside smart devices, enabling data
collection, processing, and communication with other
systems.
 Characteristics of Embedded Systems

 🔹 Task-Specific – Designed to perform a dedicated function

(e.g., heart rate monitoring in a smartwatch).
🔹 Real-Time Operation – Many embedded systems require
real-time responses (e.g., automotive airbags).
🔹 Resource Constraints – Limited processing power,
memory, and energy consumption.
🔹 Connectivity – Communicates using protocols like Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, or LoRaWAN.
🔹 Small Size & Portability – Optimized for compact, power-
efficient designs.
 Components of an Embedded System
Hardware Components:
 Microcontroller (MCU) or Microprocessor (MPU) – The

"brain" of the system (e.g., ESP32, ARM Cortex, Raspberry

Pi).
 Memory (RAM, ROM, Flash) – Stores program instructions

and temporary data.

 Sensors & Actuators – Collect environmental data and

trigger physical actions.

 Communication Interfaces – Handles data transmission

(e.g., UART, SPI, I2C, CAN).

 Power Supply – Ensures stable energy usage (e.g., battery,

solar).
 Software Components:
 Firmware – Low-level code running on the microcontroller.

 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) – Manages tasks with

precise timing (e.g., FreeRTOS, Zephyr).

 Middleware – Handles device communication and
networking.
 Embedded Programming Languages – C, C++, Python (for

high-level control).
 Applications of Embedded Systems in IoT
 Smart Home
 Industrial IoT (IIoT)
 Automotive
 Healthcare & Wearables
IoT Levels and Templates
 IoT Levels and Templates
 The IoT architecture is structured in different levels,
representing the stages of data processing and communication.
Additionally, IoT templates define standardized models for
developing IoT applications across industries.
 IoT Levels
 IoT operates at multiple levels, from data collection to cloud-based
analytics. The six IoT levels are:
🔹 Level 1: Perception Layer (Sensing Layer)
• Includes sensors, actuators, RFID tags, and cameras that collect real-

world data.
• Converts physical parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, motion) into

digital signals.
• Example: A temperature sensor in a smart home system.

🔹 Level 2: Network Layer (Transmission Layer)

• Transfers data from perception devices to other components via

communication protocols.
• Uses Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, 5G, and Ethernet for

connectivity.
• Example: A smartwatch sending heart rate data to a mobile app via

Bluetooth.
🔹 Level 3: Edge Layer (Processing Layer)
 Edge computing devices process data locally before sending it
to the cloud.
 Reduces latency and bandwidth usage.

 Example: A self-driving car analyzing real-time road conditions.

🔹 Level 4: Cloud Layer (Data Management Layer)

 Stores, processes, and analyzes data using AI, machine learning,

and big data analytics.

 Cloud platforms: AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, Microsoft Azure

IoT.
 Example: A smart city traffic system analyzing traffic

congestion patterns.
🔹 Level 5: Application Layer (User Interface Layer)
 Provides user interaction via mobile apps, dashboards, or web

applications.
 Enables control and monitoring of IoT devices.

 Example: A smart phone app controlling smart home devices.

 🔹 Level 6: Security Layer (Trust Layer)

 Ensures data privacy, encryption, and authentication.

 Uses block chain, firewalls, and secure APIs for security.

 Example: SSL encryption protecting communication between

IoT devices and the cloud.

 IoT Templates
 IoT templates define standardized models for deploying IoT
applications in various domains. These templates help developers
choose the right architecture for their use case.
🔹 Basic IoT Template (Small-Scale IoT Systems)
 Best for simple IoT applications (e.g., smart homes, wearables).
 Uses limited sensors, a gateway, and a mobile app.
 Example: A smart light bulb controlled via Wi-Fi and a mobile

app.
🔹 Cloud-Based IoT Template
 Ideal for scalable IoT applications (e.g., smart cities, industrial

IoT).
 Devices send data to cloud platforms for processing and storage.
 Example: Connected cars sending real-time GPS data to cloud

servers.
 🔹 Edge Computing IoT Template
 Suitable for real-time processing (e.g., healthcare, autonomous

vehicles).
 Uses edge devices (e.g., Raspberry Pi, NVIDIA Jetson) to

process data locally.

 Example: A hospital monitoring system analyzing patient vitals

on-site.
🔹 Industrial IoT (IIoT) Template
 Designed for factories, agriculture, and supply chain monitoring.
 Includes predictive maintenance, machine automation, and real-

time analytics.
 Example: A manufacturing plant using IoT sensors to detect

machine failures.
 🔹 AI-Driven IoT Template
 Uses machine learning (ML) and AI to automate decision-
making.
 Ideal for smart surveillance, healthcare diagnostics, and
predictive analytics.
 Example: A smart security camera using AI to detect
intruders.