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Lesson Module 1 Day 2

This document covers the characteristics and properties of minerals, emphasizing their natural occurrence, inorganic nature, and crystalline structure. It outlines various properties such as color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and tenacity, which are essential for identifying minerals. Additionally, it introduces mineraloids and includes activities and quizzes to reinforce learning.

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jessiry lascano
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12 views35 pages

Lesson Module 1 Day 2

This document covers the characteristics and properties of minerals, emphasizing their natural occurrence, inorganic nature, and crystalline structure. It outlines various properties such as color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and tenacity, which are essential for identifying minerals. Additionally, it introduces mineraloids and includes activities and quizzes to reinforce learning.

Uploaded by

jessiry lascano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Earth & Life Science

MINERALS
Objectives:
• Module 2: Lesson 1
- Minerals and their Characteristics
- Different Properties of Minerals

• After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Identify the examples of minerals,


2. Explain the different characteristics of minerals,
3. Differentiate minerals based on their properties,
4. Develop awareness on the importance of minerals
around us.
Minerals and Rocks
How is a mineral different
from a rock?
• Minerals are the building blocks of
rocks.
• A mineral is a naturally-occurring,
inorganic, homogeneous solid with
definite chemical composition and
that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of
Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-
Occurring
• A mineral should be naturally-
occurring with respect to its
formation.

• It should be made by natural


processes without the aid of any
organism.

• In the case of laboratory studies,


any material that is formed in
laboratories or artificial conditions is
not considered a mineral.
Characteristics of
Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-
Occurring
Characteristics of
Minerals
2. A mineral is Inorganic

• It is formed by inorganic processes


and does not contain any organic
compound.

• The process to produce a mineral by


natural means is extended further
by making sure that no organic
material ( or what was once part of an
organism) be considered a mineral.

• This would mean that bones, shells,


teeth, and other hard parts of an
organism are not minerals.
Characteristics of
Minerals
2. A mineral is Inorganic
Characteristics of
Minerals
3. A mineral is a homogeneous
Solid

• We should be able to see


something that is uniform in
appearance and is in the solid state
of matter.

• This property of minerals is very


important especially when dealing
with materials in other states such
as liquids and gases.

• A mineral should exhibit stability at


room temperature, which can only
Characteristics of
Minerals
3. A mineral is a homogeneous
Solid
Characteristics of
Minerals
4. A mineral has a definite
Chemical Composition

• Most minerals are chemical


compounds and can therefore be
represented using a fixed or
variable chemical formula.

• Example:

• A mineral with a fixed chemical


formula is quartz (SiO2). This
indicates that the mineral quartz
contains one silicon atom and two
oxygen atoms.
Characteristics of
Minerals
4. A mineral has a definite
Chemical Composition
Characteristics of
Minerals
5. A mineral has an ordered
internal/crystalline structure

• Minerals look like crystals since the


arrangement of their atoms is
ordered and repetitive.

• Atoms of minerals are arranged in


an orderly and repeating pattern.

• NOTE: Knowing whether a material


is crystalline or not would require
sophisticated methods such as
involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Characteristics of
Minerals
5. A mineral has an ordered
internal/crystalline structure
Activity # 1: Minerals
Objective: Determine the crystalline
structure of a mineral.
Materials: magnifying glass (if available),
rock salt, iodized salt
Procedure:
1. Using a magnifying glass, observe the
grains of a rock salt and an iodized salt.
2. Compare the shape of the grains of the
rock salt with that of the iodized salt.
3. Draw the shape of the grains for each.
4. Answer this question: What is the shape of
the grains?
Mineraloids
• Any material which passes most of the
criteria (but not all) we have set can be
considered a mineraloid.

• Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-


occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids
with definite chemical compositions but
with no ordered internal structure.

• Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass


and opal.
Mineraloids

• Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass


and opal.
Properties of Minerals
1. Color

• Color is the property of mineral that


is easiest to identify.

• It is also considered an unreliable


property to use in identifying the
mineral since slight impurities can
affect color.

• Color is the perceived wavelength of


light that bounced off from the
material and is detected by our
eyes.
Properties of Minerals
1. Color

• Most of the time, composition


dictates what color/hue the mineral
will take. But for some, the
crystalline structure will also play a
role.
• Example:
Properties of Minerals
2. Streak

• It is the color of a mineral in


powdered form.

• Minerals show color differently when


ground into fine powder.

• In most cases, minerals will show


streak color equivalent to its normal
massive color. But in rare cases, the
streak color will differ from its
compact form.
Properties of Minerals
2. Streak

• Example:
Properties of Minerals
3. Luster
• It is the behavior of light as it is
reflected by the surface of a
mineral.

• It can be:
a. Metallic – minerals that look like
metals and are shiny
b. Non-metallic – luster different
from metallic ones.
- There are many descriptive terms to
choose from including
pearly (looks like the surface of a pearl),
waxy ( like the surface of a candle),
vitreous (like clear or stained glass) and
silky ( like silk cloth)
Properties of Minerals
3. Luster
pearly (looks like the surface of a pearl),
waxy ( like the surface of a candle),
vitreous (like clear or stained glass) and
silky ( like silk cloth)
Properties of Minerals
3. Luster
• Example:
Properties of Minerals
3. Luster

• A mineral’s ability to transmit light


determines whether it is opaque,
translucent, or transparent.

• Opaque – when the light strikes the


object does not pass through.
• Translucent – when light strikes
the object and some light passes
through.
• Transparent – when light strikes
and almost all the light will
completely pass through.
Properties of Minerals
3. Luster
Properties of Minerals
4. Hardness

• It is the resistance of a mineral to


scratching.

• To determine the hardness of a


mineral, a comparative hardness
scale assigning numerical values to
the hardness was made by Friedrich
Mohs.

• The Mohs Hardness Scales assigned


1 to Talc, which is the softest
mineral, and 10 to Diamond,
which is the hardest mineral.
Properties of Minerals
Hardness Mineral

1 Talc

2 Gypsum

3 Calcite

4 Fluorite

5 Apatite

6 Feldspar

7 Quartz

8 Topaz

9 Corundum

10 Diamond
Properties of Minerals
Properties of Minerals
5. Cleavage

• It is the mineral’s resistance to


being broken and fracture.

• It is exhibited when a mineral


breaks and smooth flat surfaces are
formed from the breakage.

• NOTE: The presence of cleavage in


mineral is independent of its
hardness. Even diamond exhibits
cleavage.
Properties of Minerals
5. Cleavage
Properties of Minerals
6. Tenacity

• describes the mineral’s reaction to


stress (breaking or deforming)

• Brittleness
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Flexible but Inelastic
• Flexible but Elastic
• Sectility
QUIZ
Read each question carefully. Write the
letter of the best answer on the space
provided.
______________1. Which is not a
property used to identify minerals?
A. Hardness C. Size
B. Luster D. Color
_______________2. Which one of
the following describes a mineral's
response to surface breakage?
A. Streak
B. Crystal form
C. Luster
D. Cleavage
_______________3. Why is color
unreliable for identifying a mineral?
A. most minerals have similar colors.
B. small amounts of other elements affect
color, but weathered surfaces will reveal
color.
C. small amounts of other elements affect
color and weathered surfaces may hide color.
D. most minerals are virtually colorless.
_______________4.
Chemical property is more
accurate in determining a
kind of mineral compared to
physical property.
A. True B. False

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