Unit-III Introduction to PERL and Scripting

• Syllabus
• Introduction to PERL and Scripting
– Scripts and Programs, Origin of Scripting, Scripting Today,
Characteristics of Scripting Languages, Uses for Scripting
Languages, Web Scripting, and the universe of Scripting
Languages.
– PERL- Names and Values, Variables, Scalar Expressions,
Control Structures, arrays, list, hashes, strings, pattern and
regular expressions, subroutines.

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 Script and Program
• A Script is a set of instructions that are interpreted.
Scripts are written using a different kind of language
called scripting languages like python, perl, ruby, shell
script, VB Script, etc.

• A program is a set of instructions that are compiled.

Programs are written using programming languages
like C,C++ and JAVA etc.

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 Script and Program
Programming Languages Scripting Languages

Compiler Based Interpreter Based

More Syntax and highly coupled Reduced syntax and loosely
coupled
Convert all the code into binary Run statement by statement
and run
For big and complex programs For small programs

Faster for large code Faster for small code

Extra memory No extra memory

Popular programming languages Popular Scripting languages

C,C++,JAVA and C# Python, Perl, Ruby, PHP
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 Origin of Scripting
• The word ‘script’ in a computing content in 1970’s,
the originators of the UNIX of the UNIX operating
system the term ‘shell script’ (sequence of
commands)
• An Apple Macintosh Hypercard application, one of
the early hypertext systems
• The associated HyperTalk language allowed the user
to define sequence of actions to be associated with
mouse click or movement, and these were called
script.
• Initially a script as a sequence of commands to
control an application or a device.
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 Scripting Today
• The term “scripting” is nowadays used with three different meanings.
– A new style of programming which allows applications to
be developed much faster than traditional methods.
• The use of VB to develop GUI using pre built visual control
– Using scripting language to manipulate, customize and
automate the facilities of an existing system.
• Use of client side scripting and Dynamic HTML to create interactive
web pages.
– Using scripting language with its rich functionality, we can
use an alternate to a conventional languages for general
programming tasks, particularly system programming and
system administration.
• Windows NT systems users PERL for administration . Apaches has
embedded perl interpreter for GUI scripts.

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Characteristics of Scripting Languages
– Both batch and interactive use
– Economy of expression
– Lack of declarations, simple scoping rules
– Flexible dynamic typing
– Easy access to other programs
– Sophisticated pattern matching and string manipulation
– High level data types.

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 Uses for Scripting Languages
– Scripting languages are of two kinds
• Traditional Scripting
• Modern Scripting
– Traditional Scripting
• The activities which require traditional scripting include
– System administration
– Controlling Remote Applications
– System and Application extensions
– Experimental Programming
– Command Line interface

– Modern Scripting
• Visual Scripting
• Scriptable components
• Client side and Server side scripting
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 Web Scripting
• Web script, a computer programming language for adding dynamic
capabilities to world wide web pages.
• Web scripting can be add information to a page as a reader uses it or
let the reader enter information that may be passed on to the order
department of an online business.
• Processing web forms

• Creating Dynamic web pages with enhanced visual effects and user
interaction.
• Dynamically Generating web pages “on the fly” from material held in a
database.

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The Universe of Scripting Languages
• Scripting can be traditional or modern scripting, and web scripting forms an
important part of modern scripting.
• Scripting universe contains multiple overlapping worlds
• The original UNIX world of traditional scripting using perl.
• The Microsoft world of VB and Active controls
• The world of VB for scripting compound documents.
• The world of client –side and server side web scripting
• The overlap is complex, for example web scripting can be done in Vbscript, JavaScript
/Jscript, perl or TCL.
• The universe has been enlarged as Perl and TCL are used to implement complex
applications for large organizations.
• Example TCL has been used to develop a major Banking system, and Perl has been used to
implement an enterprise wide document management system for leading aerospace
company.
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 Perl
• Perl is a programming language developed by Larry Wall, specially designed for
text processing.
• Its typical use for extracting information from a textfile and printing out report
for converting a text file into another form.
• This is because it got its name after the expression “Practical Extraction and
Report Language”.
• Perl takes the best features from other languages, such as C, awk, sed, sh, and
BASIC, among others.
• Perl's database integration interface DBI supports third-party databases
including Oracle, Sybase, Postgres, MySQL, and others.
• Perl works with HTML, XML, and other mark-up languages.
• Perl supports Unicode.
• Perl supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.
• Perl supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.
• Perl interfaces with external C/C++ libraries through XS or SWIG (The Simplified
Wrapper and Interface Generator) –Connector C libraries to scripting languages
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 Perl
• Perl is extensible. There are over 20,000 third party modules available from the
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN).

• The Perl interpreter can be embedded into other systems such as web servers
and database servers.

• Perl is Open Source software, licensed under its Artistic License

• Perl can be embedded into Apache web servers to speed up processing.

• In Perl, a comment begins with a hash (#) character. Perl interpreter ignores
comments at both compile-time and runtime.

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 Names and Values
• The data can be either number, characters, or more complex such as a list.
• Data is held as value. The following examples are values:
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20.2
"Perl syntax"
• To hold a piece of data, you need variables. You use a variable to store a
value. And through the name of the variable, you can process the value.
• The following illustrates some variables in Perl:

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 Expressions
In Perl, an expression is anything that returns a value.
• The expression can be used in a larger expression or a statement.
• The expression can be a literal number, complex expression with operators,
or a function call.
• For example, 3 is an expression that returns a value of 3. The $a + $b is an
expression that returns the sum of two variables: $a and $b.

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 Statements

• A statement is made up of expressions. A statement is

executed by Perl at run-time.
• Each Perl statement must end with a semicolon (;).
• The following example shows the statements in Perl:

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 Blocks

• A block is made up of statements wrapped in curly

braces {}.
• You use blocks to organize statements in the program.
• The following example illustrates a block in Perl:

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 Whitespace

• Whitespaces are spaces, tabs, and newlines.

• Perl is very flexible in terms of whitespaces usages.
Consider the following example:
$x = 20;
$y=20;
• Code language: Perl (perl)Both lines of code work perfectly.

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 Keywords

• Perl has a set of keywords that have special meanings

to its language.

• Perl keywords fall into some categories such as built-in

function and control keywords.

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 Variables

• A variable is a place to store values.

• They can be manipulated throughout the program.
• When variables are created they reserve some
memory space.
• There are three types of variables:
– Scalar defined by $
– Arrays defined by @
– Hashes defined by %
– Subrounte defined by(&)

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 Variables
Scalar Variable
$name = "Anastasia";
$rank = "9th";
$marks = 756.5;
Print “$name”
Print “$rank”
Print “$marks”
Scalar Operations
my $x = 5;
say $x;
my $y = 3;
say $y;
say $x + $y;
say $x . $y;
say $x x $y;
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Variables-Scalar (single)-Expressions

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 Variables-An Array
• An array is a variable that stores an ordered list of scalar values.
• Array variables are preceded by an "at" (@) sign.
• To refer to a single element of an array, you will use the dollar sign ($) with
the variable name followed by the index of the element in square brackets.
• Here is a simple example of using the array variables −
@ages = (25, 30, 40);
@names = ("John Paul", "Lisa", "Kumar");
print "\$ages[0] = $ages[0]\n";
print "\$ages[1] = $ages[1]\n";
print "\$ages[2] = $ages[2]\n";
print "\$names[0] = $names[0]\n";
print "\$names[1] = $names[1]\n";
print "\$names[2] = $names[2]\n“
OUTPUT:
$ages[0] = 25
$ages[1] = 30
$ages[2] = 40
$names[0] = John Paul
$names[1] = Lisa
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$names[2] = Kumar
 Variables-Hashes
• A Perl hash is defined by key-value pairs.
• Perl stores elements of a hash in such an optimal way that you
can look up its values based on keys very fast.
• Example

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 Variables-Subroutine
• A Perl subroutine or function is a group of statements that together
performs a task. You can divide up your code into separate subroutines.
• Define and Call a Subroutine
• The general form of a subroutine definition in Perl programming
language is as follows −
sub subroutine_name {
body of the subroutine }
The typical way of calling that Perl subroutine is as follows −
subroutine_name( list of arguments );

EXAMPLE
sub Hello {
print "Hello, World!\n"; }
Hello(); # Function call
When above program is executed, it produces the following result −
Hello, World!
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 Control Structures

• If-else

• if-elsif-else

• while/until

• for/foreach

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 Control Structures

If-else
Syntax

Example:

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 Control Structures

if-elsif-else.

Syntax

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 Control Structures

if-elsif-else

Example:

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 Control Structures

for:
Syntax
for (init statement; condition; increment/decrement )
{
# Code to be Executed
}
Example:
# Perl program to illustrate the for loop
for ($count = 1 ; $count <= 3 ; $count++)
{
print “$count”

}
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 Control Structures

foreach variable
{
# Code to be Executed
}

Example:
# Array
@data = (‘for', ‘each', ‘example');

# foreach loop
foreach $word (@data)
{
print $word
}

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 Control Structures

while (condition) do.. while

{ do { # statements to
# Code to be executed be Executed }
while(condition);
}
Example:
$a = 10;
Example: # do..While
loop
do {
$a = 10; print "$a
# while loop execution ";
while( $a < 20 ) $a = $a -
{ 1;
printf "Value of a: $a\n"; } while ($a >
$a = $a + 1; 0);
}
OUTPUT:
OUTPUT: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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 Control Structures

until (condition)
{
# Statements to be executed
}
Example:

# until loop
a=10
until ($a < 1)
{
print "$a ";
$a = $a - 1;

OUTPUT:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 31
}
 Perl Strings
• In perl, a string is a sequence of characters surrounded by some kinds of
quotation marks.
• Ex: $str1=“string with double quotes”;
$str2=‘string with single quote”;
• Note: Double quoted string replaces variables inside it by their values, while
the single quoted strings treats them as text.
• The operator make it easy to manipulate a string in different ways. There
are two types of string operators. They are
– Concatenation (.)
– Repetition(X)
• Example
• Print “this” .”is” .”perl strings”; # output: this is perl strings
• Print “hello”X4 # prints hellohellohellohello

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 Perl Strings functions
• length(string);
• uc(string);
• lc(string);
• Index(string, substring);
• Substr(string, starting_position,ending_position)

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Perl Strings functions

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 Perl Strings functions
Example
my $s=“Learning perl is easy”
my $sub=“perl”;
my $p=index($s, $sub);
Print(qw\The substring “$sub” found at position “$p” in string “$s”\,
“\n”);
OUTPUT:
The substring perl found at position 9 in string Learning perl is eary.

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Perl Strings functions

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 Perl List

• A Perl list is a sequence of scalar values. You use

parenthesis and comma operators to construct a list.

• Each value is the list is called list element.

• List elements are indexed and ordered. You can refer

to each element by its position.

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Simple Perl List

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Complex Perl List

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 Perl List –Accessing

• We can access the element of a list by using the zero

based index. To access the nth element, we need to
put (n-1) index inside square brackets.

• Syntax: $listname[index];

• Ranges: Perl allows you to build a list based on range

of numbers or characters
– Example: (1..20), (a..z)

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Perl List –using qw function

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Perl List –using Flattening List

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 Perl List –slicing List
@list1=(1, “hello”,3, “for”,5);
@list2=@list1[1,2,4]; #slice positions
Print “sliced list: @list2;
OUTPUT:
Hello 3 5

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 Perl Arrays
• A Perl array variable stores an ordered list of scalar values.
• To refer a single element of Perl array, variable name will be preceded with
dollar ($) sign followed by index of element in the square bracket.
• Syntax
@arrayName = (element1, element2, element3..);
#!/usr/bin/perl
@num = (2015, 2016, 2017);
@string = ("One", "Two", "Three");
print "$num[0]\n";
print "$num[1]\n";
print "$num[2]\n";
print "$string[0]\n";
print "$string[1]\n";
print "$string[2]\n";
Print “@num”;
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 Perl Array accessing
• To access a single element of a Perl array, use ($) sign before
variable name.
• You can assume that $ sign represents singular value and @ sign
represents plural values.
• Variable name will be followed by square brackets with index
number inside it.
• Indexing will start with 0 from left side and with -1 from right
side.
@months = qw/
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec/;print "$months[0]\
n";
print "$months[1]\n";
print "$months[7]\n";
print "$months[9]\n";
print "$months[6]\n";
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print "$months[-3]\n";
Perl Array accessing

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 Perl Array Functions
• You can add or remove an element from an array
using some array functions.
• We'll discuss following array Perl functions:
– Push
– Pop
– Shift
– Unshift

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Push on Array

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Pop on Array

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Shift on Array

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Unshift on Array

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splice on Array

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sorting on Array

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Merging TWO arrays

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Splitting arrays

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Join Arrays

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 Perl Hashes
• The hashes is the most essential and influential part of the perl
language.
• A hash is a group of key-value pairs.
• The keys are unique strings and values are scalar values. Hashes
are declared using my keyword.
• Hashes are same like as arrays, but hashes are unordered and
also the hash elements are accessed using its value while array
elements are accessed using its index value.

• The variable name starts with a (%) sign.

• Syntax
my %hashName = ( "key" => "value”);

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 Perl Hash Accessing
• To access single element of hash, ($) sign is used before the variable name
and then key element is written inside {} braces.
Example:
my %capitals = ( "India" => "New Delhi", "South Korea" => "Seoul", "USA" => "Wa
shington, D.C.", "Australia" => "Canberra" );
print " $capitals{'India'}\n";
print "$capitals{'South Korea'}\n";
print "$capitals{'USA'}\n";
print "$capitals{'Australia'}\n";

OUTPUT:
New Delhi
Seoul
Washington D.C
Canberra

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 Perl sorting Hash by key using foreach
• You can sort a hash using either its key element or value element. Perl provides a
sort() function for this. In this example, we'll sort the hash by its key elements.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
);
# Foreach loop
foreach $key (sort keys %capitals) {
print "$key: $capitals{$key}\n";
}

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 Perl Removing Hash Elements
• To remove a hash element, use delete() function.
• Here, we have removed both the key-value pairs which were added in the
last example.
my %capitals = (
"India" => "New Delhi",
"South Korea" => "Seoul",
"USA" => "Washington, D.C.",
"Australia" => "Canberra"
"Germany " => " Berlin"
" UK " => "London"
);
while (($key, $value) = each(%capitals)){
print $key.", ".$value."\n"; }
#removing element
delete($capitals{Germany});
delete($capitals{UK});
# Printing new hash
print "\n";
while (($key, $value) = each(%capitals)){
print $key.", ".$value."\n"; }
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 Patterns
• A pattern is a sequence of characters to be searched for in a
character string.
• In perl, patterns are normally enclosed in slash character : ex. /def/

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 Patterns
• Example:
$line = "This is perl regular expression "; $line = "This is perl regular expression ";
if ($line =~ /perl/) if ($line =!~ /perl/)
{ {
print "Matching\n"; print "Matching\n";
} }
else else
{ {
print "Not Matching\n"; print "Not Matching\n";
} }
OUTPUT: Matching OUTPUT: Not Matching

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 Patterns

$true = ($foo =~ m/foo/);

will set $true to 1 if $foo matches the regex, or 0 if the match fails.

$string = “perl has four kinds of variables";

$string =~ s/four/4/;

# Printing the updated string

print "$string\n";

OUTPUT:
perl has 4 kinds of variables

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Patterns

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 Regular Expressions
• A regular expression is a string of characters that defines the
pattern or patterns you are viewing
• A RE is also referred as regex or regexp
• A regular expression can be either simple or complex, depending
on the pattern you want to match
• Syntax: string =~regx;
• There are three RE operators with perl
– Match regular expression –m//
– Substitute regular expression –s//
– Translator regular expression –tr//

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 Regular Expressions-Examples
• $foo =~ m/this\|that/
– Matches the string either this or that
• $string =~ s/a/b/;
– This will replace the first “a” in $string with a “b”.
• $string =~ s/a/b/g;
– put a “g” for global at the end of the line
• $string =~ s/[^0-9]//g;
– This replaces anything matched by the first expression,
• $string =~ s/[aeiou]/[AEIOU]/g;
– to make all vowels uppercase
• $string =~ tr/aeiou/AEIOU/;
– Translation works on a per character basis, replacing each item in the first
list with the character at the same position in the second list.
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Complex Regular Expressions: Meta characters

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 Subroutines
• A perl function or subroutine is a group of statements that
together perform a specific task.
• The word subroutines is used most in perl programming
because it created using “sub”
• Syntax
Sub subroutine_name
{
#body of the function or subroutine
}
• In perl scripting, subroutines can be called by passing the
parameters list to it as follows
• Subrountine_name(parameters_list);

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 Subroutines
Example2:
• Example1
#!/usr/bin/perl # below is function
sub add(a,b);
{ definition
return (a+b); sub Print_hello
} {
$sum=add(4,6);
print("Hello, Perl\n");
Print “$sum”;
}
# below is function call
Print_hello();

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 Subroutines
• Advantages
– It helps to reuse the code
– Organizing the code in structural format
– It increases code readability

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