KOLEHIYO NG

LUNGSOD NG
DASMARIÑAS
BRGY. BUROL MAIN, CITY OF DASMARIÑAS,
CAVITE, PHILIPPINES 4114
 CE-CFP001L
Computer Fundamentals
and Programming for
Engineers
• WEEK 4 – Program Design and Development
LEARNING
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

• Identify the stages of the program development life cycle.

• Apply analysis and design techniques to plan programs.
• Utilize pseudocode and flowcharts to design program logic.
• Apply debugging and troubleshooting techniques to
identify and fix errors.
Programming Development Cycle
• It is a model which is used to represent the stages
and tasks that are included orderly in each step to
write and put software.
• It is a set of steps or phases that are used to develop
a program in any programming language.
1. Problem Definition
2. Problem Analysis
3. Algorithm Development
4. Coding & Documentation
5. Testing & Debugging
6. Maintenance
1. Problem Definition
• In this phase, we define the problem statement and we
decide the boundaries of the problem. We need to
understand the problem statement, what is our
requirement, what should be the output of the problem
solution. These are defined in this first phase of the
program development life cycle.
Example:

A Human Resources department that needs a

printed list of all employees, a Billing department
that wants a list of clients who are 30 or more days
overdue on their payments, and an Order
department that needs a Web site to provide buyers
with an online shopping cart in which to gather their
orders. Because programmers are providing a
service to these users, programmers must first
understand what the users want.
2. Problem Analysis
• In phase 2, we determine the requirements like variables,
functions, etc. to solve the problem. That means we gather the
required resources to solve the problem defined in the problem
definition phase. We also determine the bounds of the solution.

• Note:
• Develop a list of problem variables & their relationships
• Identify the problem input variables
• Identify the desired output variables
• Identify local or temporary variables
• Determine type & units for the variables
• Determine how should the output be displayed
• Determine relevant formulas needed to transform input into
output
• Identify any additional requirements or constraints
3. Algorithm Development
• Also known as Design Phase. During this phase, we develop a
step-by-step procedure to solve the problem using the
specification given in the previous phase. This phase is very
important for program development. That means we write the
solution in step-by-step statements.

• Develop a list of steps (Algorithm) to solve the problem, using

pseudocode, flowcharts, or IPO (Input/Process/Output chart)
charts
• Test if the algorithm will solve the problem as intended by
using sample input and checking the output.
• Top-Down design should be used.
Algorithm
An algorithm is the sequence of steps necessary to
solve any programming problem.
• Qualities of a good algorithm
• Inputs and outputs should be defined precisely.
• Each steps in algorithm should be clear and
unambiguous.
• Algorithm should be most effective among many
different ways to solve a problem.
• An algorithm shouldn't have computer code. Instead,
the algorithm should be written in such a way that,
it can be used in similar programming languages.
Algorithm
Problem Statement:
Write a solution on how to find the average grades of
a class of 10 students
1. Identify the grades of the 10 students.
2. Add all the grades.
3. Divide the total of the grades by 10.
4. Round off the answer by two decimal places.
5. Show the result.
Pseudocode
• an English-like representation of the logical steps it takes to
solve a problem.
• Describes steps of an algorithm in the “Design” phase
• Not a programming language

Example
Initialize sum to 0
Repeat for N = 1 to 10
Read grade
Calculate sum = sum + grade
End Loop
Calculate average = sum/10
Print average
Pseudocode

Problem: Counting characters in a Process (refinement):

string Initialize Count to 0
• Input from terminal a word REPEAT:
Read one character at a time
(character string)
If a character is found, add 1
• Output to terminal how many to Count
characters it contains UNTIL there are no more characters

Process (high-level):
• Read one character at a time
• Add one to the count for each
character read
• Repeat the above 2 steps until
there are no more characters
4. Coding and Documentation
• This phase uses a programming language to write or implement
the actual programming instructions for the steps defined in the
previous phase. In this phase, we construct the actual program.
That means we write the program to solve the given problem
using programming languages like C, C++, Java, etc.,
5. Testing & Debugging
• During this phase, we check whether the code written in the
previous step is solving the specified problem or not. That
means we test the program whether it is solving the problem
for various input data values or not. We also test whether it is
providing the desired output or not.
Syntax
• Syntax refers to the rules that define the
structure and format of valid statements
and expressions in a programming
language. In other words, syntax specifies
the correct way to write a program in a
particular language, including the use of
keywords, punctuation, and other
elements.
Grammar
• Grammar refers to a set of rules that
define the structure of a programming
language. It encompasses syntax as well
as rules for composing expressions,
statements, and program structures. A
programming language's grammar
specifies how its various elements can
be combined to create valid programs.
Semantics
• Semantics refers to the meaning of a program,
or the way in which a program behaves when it
is executed. It involves understanding how the
various constructs in a program interact with
each other, and how they operate on data to
produce results. A program's semantics are
determined by its syntax and grammar, as well
as the underlying algorithms and data
structures it uses to perform its tasks.
Program Errors
• Syntax Errors​
• Errors in grammar of the language​
• Runtime error​
• When there are no syntax errors, but the program can’t
complete execution​
• Divide by zero​
• Invalid input data​
• Logical errors​
• The program completes execution, but delivers incorrect
results​
• Incorrect usage of parentheses​
Debugging
• Bug
• In the context of software development, it refers
to an error, flaw or fault in a computer program
that causes it to behave in unexpected or
unintended ways. Bugs can be caused by a variety
of factors such as programming errors, software
design flaws, hardware malfunctions, and
unexpected inputs.
• Debugging
• is the process of identifying, isolating, and fixing
bugs in computer programs.
6. Maintenance
• During this phase, the program is actively used by the users. If
any enhancements found in this phase, all the phases are to be
repeated to make the enhancements. That means in this phase,
the solution (program) is used by the end-user. If the user
encounters any problem or wants any enhancement, then we
need to repeat all the phases from the starting, so that the
encountered problem is solved or enhancement is added.
Flowchart
• A schematic representation of a sequence of operations, as in
manufacturing process or computer program
• A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an
information system or program. Information system flowcharts
show how data flows from source documents through the
computer to final distribution to users. Program flowcharts show
the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine.
Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.
• In the workplace, flowcharts are often used by programmers to
organize and share their ideas. In fact, they are so useful that
most professions use them to communicate how a process
works including engineers, scientists, manufacturers, business
managers, and health care workers.
Guidelines for Developing Flowcharts
• Flowchart can have only one start and one stop symbol

• On-page connectors are referenced using numbers

• Off-page connectors are referenced using alphabets

• General flow of processes is top to bottom or left to right

• Arrows should not cross each other

Flowcharting Symbols
 Crossing Traffic
Supply Request Firmware Update Found Food in Fridge
Flowcharting
Flowcharting
Flowcharting
Activity
• Draw a flowchart to convert the length in feet to centimeter.

Algorithm:

-Input the length in feet

-Calculate the length in cm by multiplying length in feet with
30.48
-Print length in cm
Activity
• Draw a flowchart that
• will read the two sides of a rectangle and
• calculate its area.

Algorithm
1. Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle
2. Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W
3. Print the area (A)

Pseudocode:
Step 1 Input W,L
Step 2 A = L x W
Step 3 Print A
Activity
• Draw a flowchart that of a program that will compute and print the net
pay an employee. You need to ask for the input of the employee’s rate
and hours worked and deductions. Compute the gross pay by
multiplying the rate hours worked. You can get the net pay by
subtracting the deductions from the gross pay.
Algorithm
1. Input the hours worked , rate and deductions
2. Calculate the gross pay by multiplying hours worked with rate
3. Calculate the netpay = grosspay - deduction
4. Print the netpay.
Pseudocode:
Step 1 Input hrs, rate, deduction
Step 2 gp = hrs * rate
Step 3 netpay = gp – deduction
Step 4 Print netpay
 Flowcharts for decision making
• Computers are used extensively for performing various types of
analysis. The decision symbol is used in flowcharts to indicate it.
• The general format of steps for flowcharting is as follows:
• Perform the test of the condition.
• If condition evaluates true branch to Yes steps.
• If condition evaluates false branch to No steps.
Flowcharting
Flowcharting
Flowcharting
Example
• Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
determine the student’s final grade and indicate
whether it is passing or failing. The passing grade
is 75.

Algorithm
1. Input the prelim, midterm and final scores of the
student
2. Calculate the average by summing all the scores
and divide by 3
3. Check if the average is greater than 75
4. If the average is greater than or equal to 75, print
“Passed”, otherwise print “Failed”.

Pseudocode:
Step 1 Input prelim, midterm and final grade
Step 2 Compute average = (prelim+midterm+final)/3
Step 2 Is average >= 75
Print “Passed”
else
Print “Failed”
Example
• Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
check whether the triangle is equilateral,
isosceles or scalene.
• Equilateral triangle: All three sides are
equal.
• Isosceles triangle: All two sides are
equal.
• Scalene triangle: No sides are equal.

Algorithm
1. Get the three sides of the triangle
2. If side1 is equal to side2 and side2 is equal
to side3, the triangle is equilateral.
3. If side1 is equal to side2 or side2 is equal to
side3 or side3 is equal side1, the triangle is
isosceles.
4. Otherwise, the triangle is scalene.
Activity
• Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that
• Determine if the number is odd or even

Algorithm
1. Input a number
2. Check if a number is odd or even
3. Print the result

Pseudocode:
Step 1 Input num
Step 2 Get the remainder by dividing num to 2
Step 3 If remainder = 0 print “The number is EVEN”, otherwise print “The
number is ODD”
 Flowcharts for loops
• Looping refers to the repeated use of one or more steps. i.e. the
statement or block of statements within the loop are executed repeatedly.
• There are two types of loops.
• One is known as the fixed loop where the operations are repeated a
fixed number of times. In this case, the values of the variables within
the loop have no effect on the number of times the loop is to be
executed.
• In the other type which is known as the variable loop, the operations
are repeated until a specific condition is met. Here, the number of
times the loop is repeated can vary.
• The loop process in general includes :
• Setting and initializing a counter
• Execution of operations
• Testing the completion of operations
• Incrementing the counter
• The test could either be to determine whether the loop has executed the
specified number of times, or whether a specified condition has been met.
Example
• Draw a flowchart that find the sum of first N numbers.

The steps are :

1. Start
2. Declare S , N, I
3. Read N
4. Set S (sum) to 0
5. Set counter (I) to 1.
6. S = S + I
7. Increment I by 1.
8. Check if I is less than or equal to N. If no, go to step 6.
9. Print S
10. Stop
Example
• Draw a flowchart that check whether
character read from keyboard is Z. If it is
Z then print END, else read another
character

The steps are :

1. Start
2. Declare C
3. Read C,
4. Check if C = ‘Z’. If no goto step 3.
5. Print END
6. Stop
Example
• Draw a flowchart that find Even number
between 1 to 50

The steps are :

1. Start
2. Initialize number (I) to 1 1
3. Check if I is > 50, if true goto Step 8 1
4. Get the remainder by using modulo of I %
2
5. If remainder is equal to 0, Print I.
6. Increment the value of I by 1.
7. Goto Step 3
8. Stop True

False
 Activity
• Write an algorithm and draw a
flowchart to find the average of all
odd numbers from 1 to 100
THANK YOU!