Seminar By-

QED LEARNINGS

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 Programming basics
 code or source code: The sequence of instructions in a program.
 syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can be
used in a particular programming language.
 output: The messages printed to the user by a program.

 console: The text box onto which output is printed.

 Some source code editors pop up the console as an external window,
and others contain their own console window.

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 C/Java/Python
 WAP to print your name.

C
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Printf(“SOFCON”);
}

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 Java
class Name
{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“SOFCON”);
}
}

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 Python

 Print(“SOFCON”);

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 Compiling and interpreting

 Many languages require you to compile (translate) your program

into a form that the machine understands.
compile execute
source code byte code output
Hello.java Hello.class

 Python is instead directly interpreted into machine instructions.

interpret
source code output
Hello.py

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 Expressions
 expression: A data value or set of operations to compute a value.
Examples: 1 + 4 * 3
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 Arithmetic operators we will use:
 + - * / addition, subtraction/negation, multiplication,
division
 % modulus, a.k.a. remainder
 ** exponentiation

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 Math commands
 Python has useful commands for performing calculations.
Command name Description Constant Description
abs(value) absolute value e 2.7182818...
ceil(value) rounds up pi 3.1415926...
cos(value) cosine, in radians
floor(value) rounds down
log(value) logarithm, base e
log10(value) logarithm, base 10
max(value1, value2) larger of two values
min(value1, value2) smaller of two values
round(value) nearest whole number
sin(value) sine, in radians
sqrt(value) square root

 To use many of these commands, you must write the following at

the top of your Python program:
from math import *
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 Variables
 variable: A named piece of memory that can store a value.
 Usage:

Compute an expression's result,

store that result into a variable,

and use that variable later in the program.

 assignment statement: Stores a value into a variable.

 Syntax:
name = value

 Examples: x = 5
gpa = 3.14

x 5 gpa 3.14
 A variable that has been given a value can be used in expressions.
x + 4 is 9

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Variable

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Memory Representation of
variable

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Example

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 print
 print : Produces text output on the console.
 Syntax:
print "Message"
print Expression
 Prints the given text message or expression value on the console, and
moves the cursor down to the next line.

print Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN

 Prints several messages and/or expressions on the same line.

 Examples:
print "Hello, world!"
age = 45
print "You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement"
Output:
Hello, world!
You have 20 years until retirement
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 input
 input : Reads a number from user input.
 You can assign (store) the result of input into a variable.
 Example:
age = input("How old are you? ")
print "Your age is", age
print "You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement"
Output:
How old are you? 53
Your age is 53
You have 12 years until retirement

 Exercise: Write a Python program that prompts the user for

his/her amount of money, then reports how many Nintendo Wiis
the person can afford, and how much more money he/she will
need to afford an additional Wii.

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 Comments
 Comment procedure is so simple in python.
 Two ways of comments-

Single Line
Multi Line

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 Logic
 Many logical expressions use relational operators:
Operator Meaning Example Result
== equals 1 + 1 == 2 True
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 True
< less than 10 < 5 False
> greater than 10 > 5 True
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 False
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 True

 Logical expressions can be combined with logical operators:

Operator Example Result
and 9 != 6 and 2 < 3 True
or 2 == 3 or -1 < 5 True
not not 7 > 0 False

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 Strings
 string: A sequence of text characters in a program.
 Strings start and end with quotation mark " or apostrophe ' characters.
 Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string"
"This, too, is a string. It can be very long!"
 A string may not span across multiple lines or contain a " character.
"This is not
a legal String."
"This is not a "legal" String either."

 A string can represent characters by preceding them with a backslash.


\t tab character

\n new line character

\" quotation mark character

\\ backslash character

Example: "Hello\tthere\nHow are you?"

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 String properties
 len(string) - number of characters in a string
(including spaces)
 str.lower(string) - lowercase version of a string
 str.upper(string) - uppercase version of a string

 Example:
name = "Martin Douglas Stepp"
length = len(name)
big_name = str.upper(name)
print big_name, "has", length, "characters"

Output:
MARTIN DOUGLAS STEPP has 20 characters

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Example

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 Slicing
 You can take a shorter substring inside a longer strings.
 Name[Starting point : Ending point]
 name=“SAM”
 print(name[0:1]);

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 Concatenation
 Combine two string.
 msg=“Hello”+”Have”+”a”+”Nice”+”Day”
 print(msg);

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 Functions
 Way of wrap your code.
 def hi():
 print(“hello”);
 hi();

 def add(a,b):
 c=a+b;
 print(c)
 add(a,b);

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 if
 if statement: Executes a group of statements only if a certain
condition is true. Otherwise, the statements are skipped.

Syntax:
if condition:
statements

 Example:
gpa = 3.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Your application is accepted."

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 if/else
 if/else statement: Executes one block of statements if a certain
condition is True, and a second block of statements if it is False.

Syntax:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements

 Example:
gpa = 1.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Welcome to Mars University!"
else:
print "Your application is denied."

 Multiple conditions can be chained with elif ("else if"):

if condition:
statements
elif condition:
statements
else:
statements
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 The for loop
 for loop: Repeats a set of statements over a group of values.
 Syntax:
for variableName in groupOfValues:
statements

We indent the statements to be repeated with tabs or spaces.

variableName gives a name to each value, so you can refer to it in the statements.

groupOfValues can be a range of integers, specified with the range function.

 Example:
for x in range(1, 6):
print x, "square is", x * x

Output:
1 square is 1
2 square is 4
3 square is 9
4 square is 16
5 square is 25

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 range
 The range function specifies a range of integers:

range(start, stop) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive)
 It can also accept a third value specifying the change between values.

range(start, stop, step) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive) by step
 Example:
for x in range(5, 0, -1):
print x
print "Blastoff!"
Output:
5
4
3
2
1
Blastoff!

Exercise: How would we print the "99 Bottles of Beer" song?

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 While Loop
 i =0;
 While i <5:
 print(i)
 i =i+1

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 List
 List is an ordered set of values enclosed in square brackets[].
 We can use index in square brackets[]
 myEmptyList=[]
 myIntegerList =[9,4,3,2,8]
 myFloatList =[2.0,9.1,5.9,8.123432]
 myCharList =['p','y','t','h','o','n']
 myStringList =["Hello","Python","Ok done!"]

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 Deriving from another List
 myList1 =['first','second','third','fourth','fifth']
 myList2 =myList1
 myList2 =myList1[0:3]

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 Appending to a List
 emptyList =[]
 emptyList.append('The Big Bang Theory')

 emptyList.append('F.R.I.E.N.D.S')

 emptyList.append('How I Met Your Mother')

 emptyList.append('Seinfeld')

 print(emptyList)

['The Big Bang Theory', 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S', 'How I Met Your Mother',

'Seinfeld']

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 Indexing of elements
 fruitsList=["Orange","Mango","Banana","Cherry","Blackberry","Avoc
ado","Apple"]
 print(len(fruitsList));

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 Using Loops with List
 myList =['Last Of Us','Doom','Dota','Halo',' ']
 For x in myList:

 print(x)
Last Of Us
Doom
Dota
Halo

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 Deleting an element from List
 pop( )function:
myList.pop(4)
_____________________________________________________
 Del keyword:

del myList[4]
del myList[3:7]
_____________________________________________________
 remove( )function:

myList =['Apple','Orange','Apple','Guava']
myList.remove('Apple')
Print(myList)

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 More functions for Lists
 1. insert(int, item)
myList=['Python','C++','Java','Ruby','Perl']
myList.insert(1,'JavaScript')
printmyList
 2.reverse()

myList.reverse()
 3.sort()

myList.sort()
 4.myList.sort()

 myList.reverse()

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 Dictionaries
 Dictionaries are much like lists with an extra parameter called
keys.
Creating a Dictionary
Key Value
Key-1 Element-1
Key-2 Element-2
Key-3 Element-3
Key-4 Element-4
Key-5 Element-5
 Syntax

 myDictionary ={'Key-1':'Element-1','Key-2':'Element-2','Key-

3':'Element-3','Key-4':'Element-4'}
 myDictionary['Key-3']

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 Dictionary with integer keys
 integerDictionary={10:"C+
+",20:"Java",30:"Python",40:"Ruby",50:"C#",60:"Perl"}
 integerDictionary[30]

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 Dictionary with string as keys
 identity={"name":"StudyTonight","type":"Educational","link":"https:
//studytonight.com","tag":"Best place to learn"}
 Print(identity['name']+": "+identity['tag'])

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 Accessing elements
 For i in myDictionary:
print("Key: "+i +" and Element: "+myDictionary[i])

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 Deleting element(s)
 identity={"name":"StudyTonight","type":"Educational","link":"http:/
/studytonight.com","tag":"Best place to learn"}
 del identity["link"]
 print(identity)

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 Appending element(s)
 identity["email":"[email protected]"]
 identity

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 Updating existing element(s)
 courseAvail ={"Java":"Full-course","C/C++":"Full-
course","DBMS":"Full-course"}
 identity.update(courseAvail)

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 Dictionary Functions
 len()
len(myDictionary)
____________________________________________________
 clear()

myDictionary.clear()
Print(myDictionary)
____________________________________________________
 values()

myDictionary.values()
____________________________________________________
 keys()

myDictionary.keys()
____________________________________________________

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 Dictionary Functions
 items()
myDictionary.items()
________________________________________________
 has_key()

myDictionary.has_key("Key-2")
myDictionary.has_key("Key-6")
________________________________________________
 cmp()

x ={1:1,2:2,3:3}
y ={1:1,2:2,3:3}
cmp(x,y)
________________________________________________

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 Tuples
 A tuple is a sequence of data
 To define a tuple, we just have to assign a single variable with

multiple values separated by commas, and that variable will be

known as a Tuple
 myTuple =1,2,3,4

print(myTuple)
 secondTuple =1,2,"python",4

print(secondTuple)

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 empty tuple
 An empty tuple can be created using the tuple()function or by just
using an empty bracket()
 emptyTuple =()
 anotherEmptyTuple =tuple()

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 Indexing
 example ="apple","orange","banana","berry","mango“
 example[0]

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 Adding Elements to a Tuple
 t =(1,2,3,4,5)
 t =t +(7,)
 print(t)

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 Deleting a Tuple
 In order to delete a tuple, thedelkeyword is used.
 del myTuple

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 Slicing in Tuples
 t =(1,2,3,4)
 t[2:4]

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 Basic Functions
 Multiplication
t =(2,5)
print(t*3)
________________________________________________
 Addition

t =(2,5,0)+(1,3)+(4,)
print(t)
________________________________________________
 in keyword

t =(1,2,3,6,7,8)
print(2int)
________________________________________________

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 Basic Functions
 len()function
t =1,2,3
print(len(t));
______________________________________________
 max() and min() function

t =(1,4,2,7,3,9)
print(max(t))
Print(min(t))

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 Modules
 A module is a file containing python definitions and statement.
 >> Write a program for calculator using module.

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 File Handling
 Access Mode
r
W
a

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 Exceptions
 ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.
 NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or
global.
 IndentationError: If incorrect indentation is given.
 IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.
 EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet
operations are being performed.

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 Without Exception
 a = int(input("Enter a:"))
 b = int(input("Enter b:"))
 c = a/b;
 print(c)


 #other code:
 print("Hi I am other part of the program")

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Syntax

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 With Exception
 try:
a = int(input("Enter a:"))
b = int(input("Enter b:"))
c = a/b;
print("a/b = %d"%c)
except Exception:
print("can't divide by zero")
else:
print("Hi I am else block")

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 Try with multiple except
 try:
logic
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()
except Exception:
print()

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finally block

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try:
logic;
except:
print("Error")

finally:
print("file closed")

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 OOPs Concepts
 Object
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation

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 Class
class Employee:
id = 10;
name = "ayush"
def display (self):
print(self.id,self.name)

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 Object
class Employee:
id = 10;
name = "John"
def display (self):
print(self.id,self.name)
emp = Employee()
emp.display()

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 Constructor
 A constructor is a special type of method (function) which is used to
initialize the instance members of the class.
 Constructors can be of two types.

Parameterized Constructor
Non-parameterized Constructor

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 Creating the constructor
class Employee:
def __init__(self,name,id):
self.id = id;
self.name = name;
def display (self):
print(self.id,self.name)
emp1 = Employee("John",101)
emp2 = Employee("David",102)
emp1.display();
emp2.display();

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 Thank You………..
Have
a
Nice

Day………………….

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