Lecture – 17, 18 & 19

Programming Fundamentals
BS Information Technology –
First Semester

By: Ms. Mahnoor Buriro, Research Associate,

TUMS
 Content
•
s
Operators and Operands
• Types of Operators
• Categories of Operators in C++
• Arithmetic Operators in C++
• Assignment Operator in C++
• Arithmetic Assignment Operators in
C++
• Relational Operators in C++
• Logical Operators in C++
• Increment and Decrement Operators
in C++
• Problem Examples
2
 Operators and
Operands
• Almost all of the programs use some sort of data stored in
variables.
• In a program different types of operations are performed on that
data.
• The data on which operations are performed are known as operands
and the
types of the operations performed are known as operators.
• For Example: A+B Operator

Operands

3
 Types of
Operators
Unary Operators
• Perform operation on one
operand
Binary Operators
• Perform operation on two
operands

4
 Categories of Operators in
C++
• Arithmetic Operators ( + , - , / , * , %)
• Assignment Operator ( = )
• Arithmetic Assignment Operators ( += , -= , /= , *= ,
• Relational Operators ( > , < , >= , <= , == %=)
, !=)
• Logical Operators ( && , | | , ! )
• Increment and Decrement Operators ( ++ , -
-)

5
 Arithmetic Operators in
C++
• They perform arithmetic operations on the
program data.

Operation Description Type Example

+ Addition Binary a+b

- Subtraction Binary a-b

/ Division Binary a/b

* Multiplication Binary a*b

% Modulus / Remainder Binary a%b

6
 Arithmetic Operators in
C++
• Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division
operations can be performed on integer numbers as well
as floating point numbers.

• Remainder operation can only be performed on integer

numbers.

• Floating point operands are not accepted by remainder

operator.

7
Arithmetic Operators in
C++

8
 Assignment Operator in
C++
• Assignment operator assigns a constant value, a variable or
equation to a
single variable.
• There is one assignment operator ( = ). It is binary
operator.
• It assigns anything on its right side to its left side.

float radius = a = c = ( f – 32 ) /
6.98 ; b; 1.8 ;

= Assignment
Operator 9
Assignment Operator in
C++

10
 Arithmetic Assignment Operators
in C++
• They perform arithmetic operations on two operands and assigns
the resultant in the same first operand.

Operation Description Type Example Same as

+= Addition Assignment Binary a += b a=a+b

-= Subtraction Assignment Binary a -= b a=a-b

/= Division Assignment Binary a /= b a=a/b

*= Multiplication Assignment Binary a *= b a=a*b

Modulus / Remainder
%= Assignment
Binary a %= b a=a%b

11
 Arithmetic Assignment Operators
in C++
a += b is same as a = a+
b
a = a+
First operand = a
b
Second operand = b
Result stored back in to first operand i.e.
a

12
Arithmetic Assignment Operators
in C++

13
 Relational Operators in
C++
• They compare two operands and return 0 or 1. If comparison is
successful, they return 1 else return 0. They are used to create
conditions. One relational operator creates one condition.
Operation Description Example
> Greater Than a>b

< Less Than a<b

>= Greater Than or Equals To a >= b

<= Less Than or Equals To a <= b

== Equals To a == b

!= Not Equals To a != b

14
Relational Operators in
C++

15
 Logical Operators in
C++
• They perform logical operations on the logical operands. They return
either 0 or 1.
• They combine multiple conditions to form one composite condition.

Operation Description Type Example

&& Logical AND Binary a && b

|| Logical OR Binary a||b

! Logical NOT Unary !a

16
 Logical Operators in
C++
a b a && b a b a||b
0 0 0 a !a 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

17
Logical Operators in
C++

18
 Logical Operators in
C++
• Logical AND is also called as Short Circuit AND operator.
If the first operand is false ( 0 ) then it will not check the second operand.
• Logical OR is also called as Short Circuit OR operator.
If the first operand is true ( 1 ) then it will not check the second operand.

int num1 = 5, num2 = 10, num3 = 6, num4 = 15 ;

This will not be
cout<< num1 > num2 num3 < checked
&& num4 ; This will not be
cout<< num1 < | | num3 != checked
num2 num4 19
 Increment & Decrement Operators
in C++
• They are unary operators, who require only one
operand.
• They increment or decrement the value of operand
by one.
• There are two versions of operators: Prefix and
Operation Description Type Example Operation
Postfix.
++ Prefix Increment Unary ++a Increments a, then evaluates a

-- Prefix Decrement Unary --a Decrements a, then evaluates a

++ Postfix Increment Unary a++ Evaluates a, then increments a

-- Postfix Decrement Unary a-- Evaluates a, then decrements a

20
Increment & Decrement
Operators in
C+
+

21