Variation (direct – inverse)-1

Composite functions-2
Inverse function (algebraically – graphically)-3
test line)vertical – horizontal(
 Direct and inverse variation
Learning Outcome: Create, interpret and analyze functions,
particularly linear and step functions that model real-world
.situations
?What is direct variation
Activity 1
Activity 2

2
h1 𝑟 2
= 2
h2 𝑟 1

12
Activity 3
Home work
Tell if the following graph is a Inverse Variation or not.

No Yes

No No
Tell if the following graph is a Inverse Variation or not.

Yes No

Yes No
USING DIRECT AND INVERSE VARIATION

DIRECT VARIATION

The variables x and y vary directly if, for a constant k,

y
= k,
x
or
y = kx,

k  0.
USING DIRECT AND INVERSE VARIATION

INDIRECT VARIATION

The variables x and y vary inversely, if for a constant k,

k
= y,
x

or
xy = k,

k  0.
USING DIRECT AND INVERSE VARIATION

MODELS FOR DIRECT AND INVERSE VARIATION

DIRECT VARIATION INVERSE VARIATION

k
y = kx y =
x
k>0 k>0
Using Direct and Inverse Variation

When x is 2, y is 4. Find an equation that relates x and y

in each case.

x and y vary directly

SOLUTION

y
= k Write direct variation model.
x
4
= k Substitute 2 for x and 4 for y.
2
2 = k Simplify.
y
An equation that relates x and y is = 2, or y = 2x.
x
Using Direct and Inverse Variation

When x is 2, y is 4. Find an equation that relates x and y

in each case.

x and y vary inversely

SOLUTION

xy = k Write inverse variation model.

(2)(4) = k Substitute 2 for x and 4 for y.

8=k Simplify.

An equation that relates x and y is xy = 8, or y = 8 .

x
Comparing Direct and Inverse Variation

Compare the direct variation model and the inverse

variation model you just found using x = 1, 2, 3, and 4.

SOLUTION Make a table using y = 2x and y = x8 .

x 1 2 3 4
Direct Variation: k > 0.
As x increases by 1, y = 2x 2 4 6 8
y increases by 2.

Inverse Variation: k > 0. 8

As x doubles (from 1 to 2), y = x8 8 4 2
3
y is halved (from 8 to 4).
Comparing Direct and Inverse Variation

Compare the direct variation model and the inverse

variation model you just found using x = 1, 2, 3, and 4.

SOLUTION Plot the points and then connect the

points with a smooth curve.

Direct Variation: the graph

for this model is a line passing
through the origin. Direct
y = 2x

Inverse Variation: The graph

for this model is a curve that Inverse
gets closer and closer to the 8
y= x
x-axis as x increases and
closer and closer to the y-axis
as x gets close to 0.
 USING DIRECT AND INVERSE VARIATION IN REAL LIFE
Writing and Using a Model

BICYCLING A bicyclist tips

the bicycle when making turn.
The angle B of the bicycle
from the vertical direction is
called the banking angle.

banking angle, B
 Writing and Using a Model

BICYCLING The graph below shows a model for the relationship

between the banking angle and the turning radius for a bicycle
traveling at a particular speed. For the values shown, the banking
angle B and the turning radius r vary inversely.

Banking angle (degrees) r

turning radius

Turning Radius

banking angle, B
 Writing and Using a Model

Banking angle (degrees)

turning radius

Turning Radius

banking angle, B

Find an inverse variation model that relates B and r.

Use the model to find the banking angle for a turning radius of 5 feet.
Use the graph to describe how the banking angle changes as the
turning radius gets smaller.
 Writing and Using a Model

Banking angle (degrees)

Find an inverse variation model
that relates B and r.

SOLUTION

From the graph, you can see that

B = 32° when r = 3.5 feet.
Turning Radius

k
B= r Write direct variation model.

k
32 = Substitute 32 for B and 3.5 for r.
3.5
112 = k Solve for k.

112
The model is B = , where B is in degrees and r is in feet.
r
 Writing and Using a Model

Banking angle (degrees)

Use the model to find the banking
angle for a turning radius of 5 feet.

Turning Radius
SOLUTION

Substitute 5 for r in the model you just found.

112
B= = 22.4
5

When the turning radius is 5 feet, the banking angle is about 22 °.

 Writing and Using a Model

Use the graph to describe how

the banking angle changes as
the turning radius gets smaller.

SOLUTION

As the turning radius gets smaller,

smaller, the
thebanking
bankingangle
angle
becomes greater.
greater.The
Thebicyclist
bicyclistleans
leansatatgreater
greaterangles.
angles.

Notice that the increase in the banking angle becomes

more rapid when the turning radius is small.
 Composite and
Inverse Functions
• Translation, combination, composite
• Inverse
Example 1 Evaluate and
2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 −3 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=2 𝑥 −1
  g f  x  2  x  3   1
2
f g  x   2 x  1  3
2

2
2 x  4 
2 x 2  6 x  9  1 
2 x 2  12 x  18  1
f  g x  2x 2  4   
g  f x 2 x 2
 12 x  17

You can see that function composition is not commutative!

Example 2
Evaluate and
f  x  2 x 3 g x  x  1

 
f g  x  2 x 1 3

g f  x   2 x 
3 1

2 x  3 1
2  3
 3
x
2x
2 1
f  g x   3 g  f x  
x 2x 3

Again, not the same function. What is the domain???

Your turn
Evaluate and
2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =3 𝑥 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥 +5
Example 4
 Find the indicated values for the following functions
if:

 f  x  2 x  3

 g x  x 2  1

𝑓 (𝑔(1)) 𝑓 (𝑔(4)) g (f (2)) g (g (2))

 Practice Problems: The Composition of Functions
Work problems on your own first. Then check with answers in the
following slides. If the answers don’t help, complete solutions are
available in the final slides.
1. Given f ( x)  x and g ( x) 3  x , find
2

a. ( f  g )(5).
b. ( g  f )(5)
c. ( f  g )( x)
d. ( g  f )( x)
2. Given f ( x) 2 x  x and g ( x) 3x  4 , find
2

a. ( f  g )( 2)
b. ( g  f )( 2)
c. ( f  g )( x )
d . ( g  f )( x )
3. Given f (x) 4x  x2 and g(x)  x  2 , find
a. ( f g)(3)
b. (g f )(3)
c. ( f  g)(x)
d. (g f )(x)
2
4. Given f (x) x  6 and g(x)  5 x , find
a. ( f  g)(1)
b. (g  f )(1)
c. ( f  g)(x)
d. (g  f )(x)
2 2
5. Given f (x)  and g(x) x
2 x
a. ( f  g)(4)
b. (g  f )(4)
c. ( f  g)(x)
d. (g  f )(x)
 2
6. Given f (x) x 5 and g(x)  x 5, find
a. (f g)(6)
b. (g f )(6)
c. (f g)(x)
d. (g f )(x)
7. Given f (x) x
2  6 and g(x)   x, find
a. f (g(9))
b. g(f (9))
c. f (g(x))
d. g(f (x))
2
8. Given f (x)  and g(x) 4 x
x
a. f (g(4))
b. g(f (4))
c. f (g(x))
d. g(f (x))
Use the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) to find each of the following
compositions.

4 a. f(g(3))
y = g(x) y = f(x)
3 b. g(f(3))
2 c. f(g(0))

1
d. g(f(0))
e. g(g(3))
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

-3

-4
Answers to Practice Problems for Composition of Functions
(Complete solutions follow.)
3. a. 3
1. a. 4
b. 1
b. –22
c. 4 x  2  x  2
c. (3  x) 2
2 d.  x2  4x  2
d. 3  x

2. a. 0 4. a.  2
b.  4 b. 10
c.  9 x 2  26 x  16 c.  x  1
d .  3x 2  6 x  4 d . 11  x 2
Answers to Practice Problems for Composition of Functions
(Complete solutions follow.)
1
5. a. 7. a. 0 9. a. –5
7
b. –1
b. 1 b. 24 2 6 c. 4
2 d. 2
c. c. 2  x  6
2  x2 e. 3
 2 
2 d. 6  2x
d.  
 2 x
8. a. 0
6. a. 6 b.  12
b. 6
c. x

c. 4  x 2

d. x d. 4  x2
 Complete solutions to Practice Problems for Composition of
Functions.
1. f ( x)  x 2 , g ( x) 3  x
a.  f  g 5  f ( g (5))  f ( 2)  2 
2

b. g  f 5  g ( f (5))  g (25) 3  25  22

c.  f  g x   f ( g ( x))  f (3  x) 3  x 
2

d . g  f ( x)  g ( f ( x))  g ( x 2 ) 3  x 2

2. f ( x) 2 x  x 2 , g ( x) 3 x  4
a.  f  g 2   f ( g (2))  f (2) 4  4 0
b. g  f (2)  g ( f (2))  g (0)  4
c.  f  g ( x)  f ( g ( x))  f (3 x  4) 2 x  (3 x  4) 2 
 
2 x  9 x 2  24 x  16  9 x 2  26 x  16
 
d . g  f ( x)  g ( f ( x))  g (2 x  x 2 ) 3 2 x  x 2  4 
6 x  3 x 2  4  3 x 2  6 x  4
 Complete solutions to Practice Problems for Composition of
Functions.
3. a.  f  g 3  f ( g (3))  f (1) 4  1 3
b. g  f 3  g ( f (3))  g (3)  3  2  1 1
c.  f  g x   f ( 5  x ) 5  x  6  x  1
 
d . g  f x   g 4 x  x 2  4 x  x 2  2

4. f ( x)  x 2  6, g ( x)  5  x
a.  f  g 1  f ( g (1))  f (2) 4  6  2
b. g  f 1  g ( f (1)  g ( 5)  5   5  10
c.  f  g x   f ( g ( x))  f ( 5  x ) 5  x  6  x  1
 
d . g  f x   g ( f ( x))  g ( x 2  6)  5  x 2  6  11  x 2
 Complete solutions to Practice Problems for Composition of
Functions.
2
5. f ( x)  , g ( x) x 2
2 x
2 1
a. ( f  g )( 4)  f ( g (4))  f (16)  
2  16 7
b. g  f (4)  g ( f (4))  g ( 1) ( 1) 2 1
2
c. ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))  f ( x 2 ) 
2  x2
   
d . ( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))  g x 2  6  5  x 2  6  11  x 2

6. f ( x)  x 2  5, g ( x)  x  5
a. ( f  g )(6)  f ( g (6))  f (1) 6
b. ( g  f )(6)  g ( f (6))  g (41)  36 6
c. ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))  f  
x  5 ( x  5)  5  x
d . ( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))  g ( x 2  5)  ( x 2  5)  5  x 2  x
Complete solutions to Practice Problems for Composition of
Functions.

7. f ( x)  x  5, g ( x)  x  5
a. f ( g ( 9))  f ( 9 )  f (3) 0
b. g ( f ( 9))  g ( 24)   ( 24)  4 6 2 6
c. f ( g ( x))  f (  x ) 2  x  6
d . g ( f ( x))  g (2 x  6)   2 x  6   6  2 x

8. f ( x )  x 2 , g ( x )  4  x
a. f ( g (4))  f (0) 0
b. g ( f (4))  g (16) 4  16  12
c. f ( g ( x))  f (4  x) 4  x 
2

d . g ( f ( x))  g ( x 2 ) 4  x 2
EXAMPLE 1
If is fog = gof ??
Solution
1)

2)

EXAMPLE 2
.If f(x) = –4x + 9 and g(x) = 2x – 7, find (f o g)(x)
Solution
f(g(x)) = )x()f o g(
9 + )2x - 7(4- =
8x+28+9-=
8x+37-=
Example 5
 The number of bicycle helmets produced in a factory
each day is a function of the number of hours (t) the
assembly line is in operation that day and is given by
n = P(t) = 75t – 2t2.
 The cost C of producing the helmets is a function of
the number of helmets produced and is given by
C(n) = 7n +1000.

Determine a function that gives the cost of producing the

helmets in terms of the number of hours the assembly line
is functioning on a given day.
Find the cost of the bicycle helmets produced on a day
when the assembly line was functioning 12 hours.
(solution on next slide)
 n P t  75t  2t 2 C n  7n  1000

Solution to Example 5:
 Determine a function that gives the cost of producing
the helmets in terms of the number of hours the
assembly line is functioning on a given day.
 Cost C n  C P t 


C 75t  2t 2
75t  2t   1000
7 75 2

 14t 2  525t  1000

 Find the cost of the bicycle helmets produced on a day
when the assembly line was functioning 12 hours.

C  14t 2  525t  1000 $5284

 Inverse
Functions
Ex: Find an inverse of y = -3x+6.
• Steps: -switch x & y
-solve for y
y = -3x+6
x = -3y+6
x-6 = -3y
𝑥 −6 −1
=𝑦 𝑦= 𝑥 +2
−3 3
 Inverse Functions
Given 2 functions, f(x) & g(x), if f(g(x)) = x
and g(f(x))=x,
then f(x) & g(x) are inverses of each other.

Symbols: f -1(x) means “f inverse of x”

 Ex: Verify that f(x)=-3x+6 and g(x)= -1/3x+2 are
inverses.
• Meaning find f(g(x)) and g(f(x)). If they both equal
x, then they are inverses.

f(g(x))= -3(-1/3x+2)+6 g(f(x))= -1/3(-3x+6)+2

= x-6+6 = x-2+2
=x =x

** Because f(g(x))=x and g(f(x))=x, they are inverses.

To find the inverse of a function:
1. Change the f(x) to a y.
2. Switch the x & y values.
3. Solve the new equation for y.

** Remember functions have to pass the vertical

line test!
Ex: (a)Find the inverse of f(x)=x5.
(b) Is f -1(x) a function?
1. y = x5 (hint: look at the graph!
2. x = y5
Does it pass the vertical line
3. 5 x 5 y 5 test?)

5
x y
y x 5

Yes , f -1(x) is a
function.
Horizontal Line Test(one to one)
• Used to determine whether a function’s inverse
will be a function by seeing if the original
function passes the horizontal line test.
• If the original function passes the horizontal
line test, then its inverse is a function.
• If the original function does not pass the
horizontal line test, then its inverse is not a
function.
Ex: Graph the function f(x)=x2 and determine whether
its inverse is a function.

Graph does not pass the

horizontal line test,
therefore the inverse is not
a function.
Ex: f(x)=2x2-4 Determine whether f -1(x) is a function,
then find the inverse equation.
y = 2x2-4
x = 2y2-4
x+4 = 2y2
x4
y2
2

x4
y 
2
1
f (x) is not a function.
-1
OR, if you fix the y  x  2
tent in the
basement…
2
 Ex: g(x)=2x3
y=2x3
x=2y3
x
 y3
2
x
3 y
2
x
y 3
2
3
4x
Inverse is a function! OR, if you fix y
the tent in the 2
basement…
Graphically, the x and y values of a
point are switched.
The point (4, 7)
has an inverse
point of (7, 4)

AND
The point (-5, 3)
has an inverse
point of (3, -5)
 y = f(x) y=x

The graph of a
function and
its inverse are y = f-1(x)
mirror images
about the line

y=x
Finding an Inverse Graphically
The graph of a function is shown. Is the function one-to-one?
Sketch a graph of the inverse of the function. Yes!!!
y=x

f x  f 1
x 
 Finding an Inverse Relation

Find an equation for the inverse of the relation y = 2 x – 4.

SOLUTION

y=2x–4 Write original relation.

x =2y – 4 x and yy.

Switch x
x + 4 = 2y Add 4 to each side.
1x+2=y 2
Divide each side by 2.
2

The inverse relation is y = 1 x + 2.

2
If both the original relation and the inverse relation happen to be
functions, the two functions are called inverse functions.
 Find the inverse of a function :
Example 1: y = 6x - 12

Step 1: Switch x and y: x = 6y - 12

Step 2: Solve for y: x 6y  12
x 12 6y
x 12
y
6
1
x  2 y
6
 Find the inverse of a function :
Example 1: y = 6x - 12

Step 1: Switch x and y: x = 6y - 12

Step 2: Solve for y: x 6y  12
x 12 6y
x 12
y
6
1
x  2 y
6
 Example 2:
Given the function : y = 3x2 + 2 find the
inverse:

Step 1: Switch x and y: x = 3y2 + 2

Step 2: Solve for y: x 3y 2  2
2
x  2 3y
x 2
y 2
3
x 2
y
3
INVERSE OF FUNCTIONS

• To find the inverse of any function

1. we must prove that this function is ( 1-1 ) function
( Injective )
2. Replace f(x) by y
3. Put only x in your left hand side.
4. Replace each (y by x)
 Note :
to prove that this function is one to one (Algebraically
)
let if

then the function is (1-1)

OR (Graphically)
by using horizontal line test
( as we took in our first session )
 ALGEBRAICALLY
• Example 1 • Example 2

not one to one function so we can’t

find the inverse function
but if there is a condition we can
• Then this function is (1-1) so we refuse that
can find its inverse  1)
1)

We will replace(y by x)
• 2)
 • GRAPHICALLY
• Can we find the inverse of this function ? Why ? Why not ?
EXAMPLE 5:
Given the graph of f find the graph of
• solution
• we will interchange the x and y
coordinates of each
• ordered pair. Once we graph
these we will connect them with
straight lines.
LIFE APPLICATION
A car rental charge is $100 per day plus $0.30 per mile
travelled. Determine the equation of the line that
represents the daily cost by the number of miles travelled
and graph it. If a total of 300 miles was travelled in one
day, how much is the rental company going to receive as a
?payment
• Solution

• If x =300
 Verifying Inverse Functions

Verify that f (x) = 2 x – 4 and g (x) =

1 x + 2 are inverses.
2
SOLUTION

Show that f (g (x)) = x and g (f (x)) = x.

1
(
f (g (x)) = f 2 x + 2 ) g (f (x)) = g (2x – 4)
1
(
= 2 x +2 –4 ) = 1 (2x – 4) + 2
2 2
= x+4 – 4 = x–2+2
=x =x